The Exchange Relationship Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Exchange Relationship - Term Paper Example Several issues arise in the marketing of the product since every movement is directed by the expectations of the customers. This makes the company have little power to themselves but only hope that through promotion the customers will accept and buy their goods and services. The company therefore carefully plans the stages it has to pass through and gets the right expertise to handle the stages (Berthon, et al., 2003). Companies before launching the products into the market, comprehensive research must be conducted to ascertain how the product can be well marketed at the current demand of the buyers. Therefore the company considers a number of issues notably if the product is not an easy sell of itself into the market sector. Assessment of the strength, weakness and water tight opportunities of selling the product should be greatly considered. Through knowing the set standards of the market by other competitors then it is possible to deliver within certain expectation and this necess itates the making of the prices for the product without exploiting the clients and also making loss in operation (Berthon, et al., 2003). ... is important to consider the methods of product promotion to convince the clients that what the company is offering meets there demand (Weitz & Sandy, 1995). Within the period or marketing the product, the company has to educate the clients and to a far extent allow them to debate on the merits of the product in collaboration of their experience and interaction with the situation that demands the use of the product. This gives as the concept of experiential exchange where customer’s choice being necessitated by previous encounters of such a need (Berthon, et al., 2003). In the case of offering funeral services, consideration of the way the client in question views the matter is important. People of different status expect different treatment in provision of services. A time, it becomes difficult to sell the services efficiently when you are not very flexible (Berthon, et al., 2003). In most circumstances rich people have a notion of showing off and in need of expensive and cer emonious occasions which will be recalled at all moments. Therefore preceding services provided by the company becomes of great support in making the business to sell with much ease (Weitz & Sandy, 1995). In comparing with those living a moderate life in the community, the cost of the service should be at a state which can be accessed. Offering or rather catering for those services expensively may automatically make marketing difficult (Weitz & Sandy, 1995). How companies effectively approach this relation Companies get judged by what and how they offer their products. The relation between the company and the customer can effectively be approach through various ways. It is important in any business to make promises that one can fulfill them. Making a promise to deliver certain expectations or

Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Assignment 2 - Essay Example As well as in Hosea 3:1, wherein the passage goes: â€Å"The Lord said to me, ‘Go, show your love to your wife again, though she is loved by another and is an adulteress. Love her as the Lord loves the Israelites, though they turn to other gods and love the sacred raisin cakes.’† In the Old Testament, the Israelites repeatedly rejected God and did wrong, but God continued to love them, and all other people. God’s character and actions show that He makes a covenant with His people to love them continuously, yet inspire fear in them so that they may not turn away from Him; and those who do His bidding will be rewarded in the highest form, just as stated in Jeremiah 32:40-41. Even those whom God may seem to speak against are still loved by Him, just as it is in Jeremiah 31:20, which say: â€Å"‘Is not Ephraim my dear son, the child in whom I delight? Though I often speak against him, I still remember him. Therefore my heart yearns for him; I have great compassion for him,’ declares the Lord.† Much is made of God’s wrath in the Old Testament, however, when He punishes, he does with reluctance – which still shows His love for His people. Lamentations 3:31-33 writes â€Å"For the Lord will not reject forever. Although he causes grief, he will have compassion according to the abundance of his steadfast love; for he does not willingly afflict or grieve anyone.† Such of God’s character is also evident in Ezekiel 18:31-32 wherein God asks His people to repent. To repent and live, so that He may not punish them, for He takes no pleasure in punishing them. He asks them to rid themselves of their offenses and get a new heart and spirit. God often pleads the Israelites to repent so that He may give them blessings. Anyone who was experiencing God’s punishments could end it immediately just by simply repenting. In the Old Testament, Jesus has not come yet, and therefore God arranged for His

Tracks Covering in Penetration Testing

Tracks Covering in Penetration Testing Er. Ramesh Narwal Er. Gaurav Gupta Abstract After completing attack, covering tracks is the next step in penetration testing. In tracks covering after completing attack we will return to each exploited system to erase tracks and clean up all footprints we left behind. Tracks covering is important because it gives clue to forensics analyst or Intrusion Detection System (IDS). Sometimes it’s difficult to hide all tracks but an attacker can manipulate the system to confuse the examiner and make it almost impossible to identify the extent of the attacker. In this research paper we describe all of the methods used in tracks covering and their future scope. Keywords: Exploit, Payload, Vulnerability Assessment, Penetration Testing, Track Covering Introduction Penetration testing is nowadays an important organisation security testing method. Penetration testing is also known as Pentesting. Main objective of penetration testing is to identify the security threats in networks, systems, servers and applications. Penetration testing consists of various phases which we discuss in overview of penetration testing. After gaining administrative access on a system or server, attacker first task is to cover their tracks to prevent detection of his current and past presence in the system. An attacker or intruder may also try to remove evidence of their identity or activities on the system to prevent tracing of their identity or location by authorities. To prevent himself an attacker usually erases all error messages, alerts or security events that have been logged. Overview of Penetration Testing Penetration Testing used for validation and effectiveness of security protections and controls of an organisation. It reduce an organisation’s expenditure on IT security by identifying an remediating vulnerabilities or loopholes. It provides preventive steps that can prevent upcoming exploitation. Penetration testing phases Pre-engagement Interactions Intelligence Gathering Threat Modeling Vulnerability Analysis Exploitation Post Exploitation Covering Tracks Reporting Pre-engagement Interactions Planning is the first step in pre-engagement. During this phase scope, goal and terms of the penetration test is finalised with the client. Target and methods of planned attacks are also finalised in this phase. Intelligence Gathering This is most important phase if we miss something here we might miss an entire opportunity of attack. All information regarding target is gathered by using social media networks, google hacking and other methods. Our primary goal during this phase to gain accurate information about target without revealing our presence, to learn how organisation operates and to determine the best entry point. Threat Modeling The information acquired in intelligence gathering phase used in this phase to identify existing vulnerabilities on the target system. In threat modelling, we determine the most effective attack methods, the information type we need and how attack can be implemented at an organisation. Vulnerability Analysis Vulnerability is loophole or weakness in the system, network or product by using which can compromise it. After identification of most effective attack method, we consider how we can access the target. During this phase we combine information acquired in previous phases and use that information to find out most effective attack. Port and Vulnerability scans are performe in this phase and all data is also gathered from previous phases. Exploitation Exploit is a code which allows an attacker to take advantage of the flaw or vulnerability within system, application or service. We must perform exploit only when we are sure that the particular exploit will be successful. May be unforeseen protective measures might be on the target that inhibit a particular exploit. Before trigger a vulnerability we must sure that the system is vulnerable. Our exploit must do proper clean-up after execution at compromised system and must not cause the compromised system to grow into unstable state. Given below figure shows some system shutdown prompt at compromised windows machine due to without proper clean-up of exploit after execution. After successful exploitation the compromised system is under the control of an attacker. Many times attacker or penetration tester need to alter the compromised or breached systems to attain privilege escalation. Post Exploitation Payload is actual code which executed on the compromised system after exploitation. Post Exploitation phase begins after compromised one or more systems. In this phase penetration tester identifies critical infrastructure, targets specific systems, targets information and data that values most and that must be attempted to secure. In Post Exploitation while attacking systems we should take time to understand what the system do and their different user roles. Every tester and attacker generally spend time in compromised system to understand the information he have and how he can take benefit from that information. After gaining access of one system an attacker can access other systems in that network by using compromised as a staging point. This method is known as pivoting. Sometimes attackers creates backdoor into the compromised system to regain access of the system in the future Covering Tracks In the previous phases penetration tester or attacker often made significant changes to the compromised systems to exploit the sytems or to gain administrative rights. This is the final stage in penetration test in which an attack clears all the changes made by himself in the compromised systems and returns the system and all compromised hosts to the precise configurations as they are before conducting penetration test. Reporting All of the information like vulnerability reports, diagrams and exploitation results generated during penetration testing must be deleted after handover to the client. If any information is not deleted it should be in the knowledge of client and mentioned in the technical report which is generated after penetration testing. Reporting is the last phase in penetration test in which penetration tester organise available data and related result sets into report and present that report to the client. This report is highly confidential which have all the results of penetration tests like vulnerabilities list in the organisation systems, networks or products and recommendations to solve these problems related to the security of the organisation assets, which helps organisation in stopping future attacks. How to cover tracks To compromise system successfully an attacker need to be stealthy and avoid detection by various security systems like firewalls, Intrusion detection systems (IDS). System administrators and other security personals uses similar techniques to identify malicious activities, so it’s very important for attacker to be remains undetected. A system administrator can examine processes and log files to check malicious activities. There are various challenges which are faced by a penetration tester after successfully compromise of target system. Now we describe various problem faced by a penetration tester in covering tracks Manipulating Log Files Data To manipulate log files data an attacker must have nice knowledge of commonly used operating systems. An attacker must aware of two types of log files system generated and application generated. Penetraion tester or attacker have two options when manipulating log data first one is to delete entire log and second one is to modify the content of the log file. After deleting entire log an attacker there is surety of undetectability. But there is drawback of deletion of entire log is detection. Second option an attacker have to manipulation of log files data within the log files so that system administrator is not able to notice attacker presence in the system. But sometimes if attacker removal of so much information make gap between logs files makes it noticeable. Log Files Management in Various System Main purpose of log files in various operating systems is to check health and state of operating system, to detect malicious activity, to analysis system if something bad happens(system troubleshooting). Here we show locations of log files in commonly used operating systems Windows, Linux/Unix, Mac. Windows In windows log files or stored in event viewer, which is easy to find simply search event viewer and run it. Event viewer is simply look like the figure as given below, where we can see all log files of the system and applications. Figure : Log Files Managements in Windows Linux/Unix In mainly all linux and unix operating systems log files are stored in the /var/log directory. Mainly system log files are hidden in linux and unix operating systems to see complete list of log files from shell simply type ls –l /var/log/ command in shell. In the below figure we show log files in BackTrack linux operating system Figure : Log Files Management in Linux/Unix Mac To get or access log files in MAC operating system simply open finder and select â€Å"Go to Folder† in the Go menu. Type in /Library/Logs and hit Enter here you get the screen like as given in figure which contains all log files. Figure : Log Files Management in Mac OS X To manipulation of log files data an attacker must have root privileges. Challenges in Manipulation of Log Files If the system administrator configures its system to transfer all log files on the remote server time to time, in that case an attacker or penetration tester can only stop log files transfer process except it they have no other way. Hiding Files Various Tools for Covering Tracks There are so many to compromise a system but after compromising the system the attack must need to cover their tracks because each and every activity that attacker can do is stored or recorded by the system. Every system have different way to record the activity that occurs in the system. Every attacker must covers their tracks that are recorded by the system so that no one can identify him.

Case Study of Warren E. Buffet :: Business Management Studies

Case Study of Warren E. Buffet In 1995 Berkshire Hathaway has made a bid for the shares of GEICO. This report reviews the offer made by Warren Buffet and will try to prove that the acquisition of GEICO will serve the long-term goal of Berkshire Hathaway and the bid price was appropriate. Furthermore, it will explain what may have caused for the share price increase for Berkshire Hathaway at the announcement of GEICO’s acquisition. Would the GEICO acquisition serve the long-term goals of Berkshire Hathaway? In 1976, Warren Buffet paid $45.7 million for 34.25 shares of GEICO. Review of GEICO’s historical dividends shows that GEICO has been a very profitable investment for Berkshire Hathaway. The growth rate for 1994 is a sharp increase, but even if the growth rate for 1994 is not considered, GEICO’s historical increase in dividends has been considerably high so that acquisition of GEICO will serve the long-term goals of Berkshire Hathaway. What might account for the share price increase for Berkshire Hathaway at the announcement? Review of Warren Buffet’s historical investment success might explain the increase in share price for Berkshire Hathaway at the announcement. Given that he has had a good track record, it is expected that shareholders respond positively. In 1977, the price of Berkshire Hathaway was $89 closing at $25,400 by 1995, an unparalleled annual growth of 37.7%. In comparison, the growth rate of the S&P 500 over the same period was 14.3%. Warren Buffet’s formidable investment performance was also demonstrated when Berkshire Hathaway acquired Scott & Fetzer. Berkshire Hathaway paid $315 million for Scott & Fetzer in 1985 after which they received significant dividends. Again, Buffet’s investment performance on the acquisition of Scott & Fetzer outperformed the S&P 500 evident by an internal rate of return (IRR) of 26.4% including the 1994 cash flow or 14.9% without 1994 cash flow on the Scott & Fetzer investment. Clearly, Warren Buffet’s positive investment performance carried a significant weight and influences the market to have a more optimistic outlook on his investments. Conversely, his historical records of investment success do add value to shareholders trust. Was the bid price appropriate? GEICO Corp was selling for $55.75 at the time Warren Buffet and Berkshire Hathaway made an offer of $70 including a 26% premium over the current GEICO stock price. One would expect that what appeared to be an overprice bid would lead to a negative market reaction. On the contrary, Berkshire Hathaway’s shares closed up 2.4% for the day for a gain in market value of $718 million after the announcement. The gain’s effect was twofold – it increased the value of GEICO shares (34.25 million) Berkshire Hathaway already owned and it also made the

Lowe’s: a Structural Analysis Essay

Lowe’s was originally started in 1921 by Lucius S. Lowe in the town of North Wilkesboro, North Carolina and was called Lowe’s North Wilkesboro Hardware Store. The first version of Lowe’s had a different product mix that also included notions, dry goods, horse tack, snuff, produce, and groceries. This was when it was run by Lucius S. Lowe. The business was inherited by his daughter, Ruth, when Lucius died in 1940. She in turn sold the company to her brother James Lowe. In that same year that Jim bought the store him and Ruth’s husband Carl Buchan served in World War II, during the war Ruth and her mother ran the store. After Carl was injured and honorably discharged in 1943 Jim took him on as a partner. Lowe’s was founded in 1946; Lowe’s has grown from a small hardware store to the second-largest home improvement retailer worldwide. This is when Carl Buchan took management over and the store started to focus primarily on hardware and building materials. Carl Buchan later bought-out his brother-in-law and partner, James Lowe, and foreseeing the post-World War II building boom. By eliminating wholesalers and dealing directly with manufacturers, Lowe’s established a lasting reputation for low prices. Sales began to grow over time and additional Lowe’s stores opened in neighboring towns throughout western North Carolina. In 1960, Carl Buchan died of a heart attack at age 44. His five-man executive team, which included Robert Strickland and Leonard Herring, took the company public in 1961. By 1962 Lowe’s operated 21 stores and reported annual revenues of $32 million. In 1979, Lowe’s began trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE:LOW). During this time, U. S. housing starts soared and professional builders became Lowe’s loyal customers, accounting for the majority of Lowe’s business. In 1982, Lowe’s had its first billion-dollar sales year, earning a record profit of $25 million. Lowe’s stores then reported serving a new type of customer: do-it-yourself homeowners seeking to improve the value of their properties. Anticipating their needs while still accommodating contractors, Lowe’s began to enlarge its stores and expanded its merchandise offerings. The modern Lowe’s began in 1994, when their new store expansion consisted of only large stores, which they defined as stores with greater than 85,000 square feet of selling space. Expansion continued as Lowe’s opened a new store on average every week with our 117,000-square-foot (117K) stores in the nation’s larger metro markets and our newer 94,000-square-foot (94K) stores in the nation’s small to mid-sized markets. Lowe’s opened its first stores in Canada in December 2007 and opened its first stores in Mexico in February 2010. Lowe’s stores stock 40,000 products in 15 product categories ranging from appliances to tools, to paint, lumber and nursery products. Lowe’s has hundreds of thousands of products available by Special Order – offering everything customers need to build, maintain, beautify and enjoy their homes. Lowe’s operates more than 1,745 stores in the United States, Canada and Mexico. Lowe’s announced on August 25, 2009, that it had entered a joint venture with the Australian retailer Woolworths to enter the Australian market with 150 big box style superstores. Trading under the brand Masters Home Improvement, the first store opened in Braybrook, Victoria, to tradesmen on August 31, 2011, and the general public on September 1, 2011. Today Lowe’s is the second largest home improvement retailer worldwide and the 7th largest retailer in the U. S. Although times have changed since Lowe’s first opened its doors in 1946, Lowe’s values have not – the company remains committed to offering quality home improvement products at the lowest prices, while delivering superior customer service. Lowe’s major competitors include Home Depot and Ace Hardware. In a functional structure the company maintains a CEO with a small corporate staff along with managers in organizational areas such as production, accounting, marketing, R&D, engineering and human resources. Separating the organizational areas of a company allows for specialization in each functional area. However, this separation can have a negative effect as it makes communication between these areas more difficult. This is the type of structure that Lowe’s uses today. Lowe’s shows cost leadership by their low price guarantee, where they will beat any competitors price by 10% on any in stock product. Lowe’s also uses a differentiation strategy to separate themselves from Home Depot by trying to appeal more to women, with the thought that women make most home design decisions. It is believed within the company that Lowe’s stores are cleaner and that their blue and red colors are more welcoming than Home Depot’s bold orange and black. They are also very customer focused by having â€Å"expert† employees who can give customers the knowledge needed to do projects themselves, shown by their â€Å"let’s build something together† advertisements. This is what helps to keep Lowe’s on top and a constant competitor.

The Role of the Actor in the Industry

There is not one precise route to becoming an actor but there is a common direction most aspirant actors take. Training for an actor can be acquired in numerous ways. An actor could be trained academically, through studio schools or through pure experience. The young actors’ career will undoubtedly begin with pure experience through small scale performances. The small scale performances could take place through school, outside social clubs or other children’s associations.To begin the larger scale experiences, the hopeful actor would customarily attempt to be represented by an agent. Gaining an agent at such an early stage in the actors’ career is rather difficult. Therefore, joining an organisation such as The Spotlight is habitually the route actors take. The Spotlight is a small organisation with a massive output. It is the hub of the industry where you advertise yourself, whether you have an agent or not. It is essential that you are in it – it is the first port of call for virtually everybody who is casting productions.(Dunmore, 1991, p. 35). In this research explains the necessity of being involved in The Spotlight organisation. It is explained as the ‘hub’ for getting jobs in the entire industry and is used by thousands of actors. Although the propaganda and necessity surrounding The Spotlight is endearing and unquestionably crucial, the cost behind it is another obstacle for ambitious actors. The academic training is the route most commonly followed as a start to the more professional acting career.The cost of studying in drama school is a very prevalent issue around Britain, especially due to the recently ascending expenses. Places such as ALRA, Arts Ed, Guildford School of Acting, Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts and Oxford School of Drama are only a small amount of the most popular schools around Britain. These particular schools offer Dance and Drama Awards to selected students. D&DAs are scholarships provid ed by the government to allow ‘the most talented students to attend independent Drama Schools.The D&DAs are usually offered to a small amount of students who would benefit from the training but cannot afford to pay the fees. (West, 2005, p. 11). Most actors will save up for years or be lucky enough to have a wealthy family willing to pay for the tuition fees. If not so lucky, an actor could write to an organisation/person to ask them to sponsor the actor through Drama College, providing the answer is positive the actor has received his tuition fees through being sponsored.Once the young actor has completed the training necessary, it is ordinarily required to obtain an agent. This is not essential, however â€Å"Once you’ve got a little bit of experience under your belt you’re ready to secure representation. It is not necessary for you to have an agent but an agent will offer you more opportunities than what you may have without one. † Westbrook (2012, p. 1 34). Gaining an agent, as stated previously is rather difficult to do.The actor could possibly send a letter to the agent asking the agent to represent the actor. This must be fulfilled once the agent is accepting unsolicited submissions. Other than writing a letter, the actor must make sure the agent sees the actor performing in a production and suggests an amalgamation. However, alas to common misconception the agent does not fulfil all of the work for the actor, the agent can only get auditions for the actor while the actor must get to the audition and obtain the part.An actor must be willing to deal with rejection, contrary to the popular stereotype of the ‘overnight celebrity’, an actor can struggle for years to break into the industry and never be noticed. The performer, like any other professional needs to put money aside to plan ahead for a successful career. The best way to proceed is to be able to devote yourself totally to the task of getting interviews and j obs without worrying about supporting yourself for at least the first six months. Once you’ve arrived and had a chance to unpack you can pay attention to the real  task, which is getting a job. (Henry and Rogers, 2008 p. 35).As clearly stated the main aspects in the path to becoming an actor is financial issues, due to the low employment level a lot of aspiring actors’ struggle for money and end up working more than one job to fund their career path. Harrop (1992, p. 26) exclaims, â€Å"For every Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor, there are a hundred actors in line at the unemployment office, and a hundred more waiting to stand and serve them in any restaurant in which they might want to sit down.†This investigation shows that in the acting business there are immense amounts of unemployed actors contrasted to the amount of employed actors, meaning the amount of actors working more than one job to fund their dream is vast in this particular industry. The pres sure on a working actor trying to succeed and keeping a foot in the door for a steady income can be highly stressful; actors usually find it hard to find time to keep up with everyday work (rehearsals, filming, learning lines) and finding time to work enough to afford food, rent and even travel.For this reason many unemployed actors find it difficult to pursue the dream of becoming an actor and afford to live their everyday life, â€Å"Having to contend with the pressures of rehearsal, production and performance while at the same time worrying about whether you’ll have enough money to pay the rent is worse than foolish† Henry and Rogers (2008, p. 10) which in turn results in them abandoning the actor’s aspirations. However, those lucky enough to achieve a desired income and a steady place in the acting business can come with a price.The criticism received with such fame can be discouraging, this is indicated in the study by Harrop (1992, p. 106), â€Å"The very worst kind of criticism is that written for the critic’s ego as an essay in dismissively clever language with no positive consciousness of the actor, who has to go out there and put him- or herself on the line. Such criticism can be personally destructive. † This quote shows that criticism can negatively affect an actor and their career; actors need a certain level of confidence to contain the ability to comfortably audition for roles and perform in front of an audience.Critical comments such as these can seriously harm an actor’s self-confidence. This shows the criticism such as personal stories or personal criticism (an actor’s lives, image or relationships) can be insensitive, embarrassing and can cause more harm than anticipated. Some personal stories in magazine articles and newspaper articles, surrounding a more famous actors’ relationship suggests that certain articles written about celebrities can be untrue and exaggerated, in regular cases such as this, actors’ lives and relationships can be used as a selling point.This can be mentally harmful to an actor and as seen below can affect their personal lives. Winona Ryder in Meikle (2004, p. 123) â€Å"I remember us desperately hating being hounded by paparazzi. It was horrible and it certainly took its toll on our relationship. Every day, we heard that we were either cheating on each other or that we were broken up, when we weren’t. † This research, surrounding an actor’s relationship suggests in regular cases such as this, actors’ lives and relationships can be used as a selling point and these stories can be untrue or exaggerated.This can be mentally harmful to an actor as seen in the quote above. Harrop (1992, p. 106) demonstrates â€Å"critics will have their own gaze, their own agendas: to establish their own careers; to sell news-papers†. Although the frequency of coverage aimed at a particular actor is damaging to their r eputation it can also highlight many other personal issues within the actor. Though it is not possible to ascertain the media as the fixed cause for raising psychological issues in an actor, existing research and media content still persists to support such a statement.To reiterate, the actors role in the industry is beyond simply learning lines and taking guidance from a director, the individual must have ‘creative instincts’ and unquestionably be determined to succeed, even when the media is always standing by to scrutinise their every move. When the dream of becoming an actor and securing the place in the business has come true more problems arise, in any profession, at any age a person will find that when aiming to be the professional desired, one will face hurdles and dream of reaching that goal and living ‘an easy life’.However, even when the goal is reached there will always be obstacles surrounding the role of the actor. â€Å"Many talented actors don’t succeed in show business because they simply forget the first rule: Show business is a business. † Garrison (2002, p. 1). If the actor has hunger and fortitude for acting, these hurdles will simply pass them by. Passion is the main ingredient to becoming an actor, if the actor has enough willpower for the occupation, the actor will strive to overcome all challenges to achieve this goal. ï » ¿The Role of the Actor in the Industry There is not one precise route to becoming an actor but there is a common direction most aspirant actors take. Training for an actor can be acquired in numerous ways. An actor could be trained academically, through studio schools or through pure experience. The young actors’ career will undoubtedly begin with pure experience through small scale performances. The small scale performances could take place through school, outside social clubs or other children’s associations.To begin the larger scale experiences, the hopeful actor would customarily attempt to be represented by an agent. Gaining an agent at such an early stage in the actors’ career is rather difficult. Therefore, joining an organisation such as The Spotlight is habitually the route actors take. The Spotlight is a small organisation with a massive output. It is the hub of the industry where you advertise yourself, whether you have an agent or not. It is essential that you are in it – it is the first port of call for virtually everybody who is casting productions.  (Dunmore, 1991, p. 35).In this research explains the necessity of being involved in The Spotlight organisation. It is explained as the ‘hub’ for getting jobs in the entire industry and is used by thousands of actors. Although the propaganda and necessity surrounding The Spotlight is endearing and unquestionably crucial, the cost behind it is another obstacle for ambitious actors. The academic training is the route most commonly followed as a start to the more professional acting career.The cost of studying in drama school is a very prevalent issue around Britain, especially due to the recently ascending expenses. Places such as ALRA, Arts Ed, Guildford School of Acting, Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts and Oxford School of Drama are only a small amount of the most popular schools around Britain. These particular schools offer Dance and Drama Awards to selected students. D&DAs are scholarships pro vided by the government to allow ‘the most talented students to attend independent Drama Schools.The D&DAs are usually offered to a small amount of students who would benefit from the training but cannot afford to pay the fees. (West, 2005, p. 11). Most actors will save up for years or be lucky enough to have a wealthy family willing to pay for the tuition fees. If not so lucky, an actor could write to an organisation/person to ask them to sponsor the actor through Drama College, providing the answer is positive the actor has received his tuition fees through being sponsored.Once the young actor has completed the training necessary, it is ordinarily required to obtain an agent. This is not essential, however â€Å"Once you’ve got a little bit of experience under your belt you’re ready to secure representation. It is not necessary for you to have an agent but an agent will offer you more opportunities than what you may have without one. † Westbrook (2012, p . 134). Gaining an agent, as stated previously is rather difficult to do.The actor could possibly send a letter to the agent asking the agent to represent the actor. This must be fulfilled once the agent is accepting unsolicited submissions. Other than writing a letter, the actor must make sure the agent sees the actor performing in a production and suggests an amalgamation. However, alas to common misconception the agent does not fulfil all of the work for the actor, the agent can only get auditions for the actor while the actor must get to the audition and obtain the part.An actor must be willing to deal with rejection, contrary to the popular stereotype of the ‘overnight celebrity’, an actor can struggle for years to break into the industry and never be noticed. The performer, like any other professional needs to put money aside to plan ahead for a successful career. The best way to proceed is to be able to devote yourself totally to the task of getting interviews an d jobs without worrying about supporting yourself for at least the first six months.Once you’ve arrived and had a chance to unpack you can pay attention to the real  task, which is getting a job. (Henry and Rogers, 2008 p. 35). As clearly stated the main aspects in the path to becoming an actor is financial issues, due to the low employment level a lot of aspiring actors’ struggle for money and end up working more than one job to fund their career path. Harrop (1992, p. 26) exclaims, â€Å"For every Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor, there are a hundred actors in line at the unemployment office, and a hundred more waiting to stand and serve them in any restaurant in which they might want to sit down.†This investigation shows that in the acting business there are immense amounts of unemployed actors contrasted to the amount of employed actors, meaning the amount of actors working more than one job to fund their dream is vast in this particular industry. The p ressure on a working actor trying to succeed and keeping a foot in the door for a steady income can be highly stressful; actors usually find it hard to find time to keep up with everyday work (rehearsals, filming, learning lines) and finding time to work enough to afford food, rent and even travel.For this reason many unemployed actors find it difficult to pursue the dream of becoming an actor and afford to live their everyday life, â€Å"Having to contend with the pressures of rehearsal, production and performance while at the same time worrying about whether you’ll have enough money to pay the rent is worse than foolish† Henry and Rogers (2008, p. 10) which in turn results in them abandoning the actor’s aspirations. However, those lucky enough to achieve a desired income and a steady place in the acting business can come with a price.The criticism received with such fame can be discouraging, this is indicated in the study by Harrop (1992, p. 106), â€Å"The v ery worst kind of criticism is that written for the critic’s ego as an essay in dismissively clever language with no positive consciousness of the actor, who has to go out there and put him- or herself on the line. Such criticism can be personally destructive. † This quote shows that criticism can negatively affect an actor and their career; actors need a certain level of confidence to contain the ability to comfortably audition for roles and perform in front of an audience.Critical comments such as these can seriously harm an actor’s self-confidence. This shows the criticism such as personal stories or personal criticism (an actor’s lives, image or relationships) can be insensitive, embarrassing and can cause more harm than anticipated. Some personal stories in magazine articles and newspaper articles, surrounding a more famous actors’ relationship suggests that certain articles written about celebrities can be untrue and exaggerated, in regular ca ses such as this, actors’ lives and relationships can be used as a selling point.This can be mentally harmful to an actor and as seen below can affect their personal lives. Winona Ryder in Meikle (2004, p. 123) â€Å"I remember us desperately hating being hounded by paparazzi. It was horrible and it certainly took its toll on our relationship. Every day, we heard that we were either cheating on each other or that we were broken up, when we weren’t. † This research, surrounding an actor’s relationship suggests in regular cases such as this, actors’ lives and relationships can be used as a selling point and these stories can be untrue or exaggerated.This can be mentally harmful to an actor as seen in the quote above. Harrop (1992, p. 106) demonstrates â€Å"critics will have their own gaze, their own agendas: to establish their own careers; to sell news-papers†. Although the frequency of coverage aimed at a particular actor is damaging to thei r reputation it can also highlight many other personal issues within the actor. Though it is not possible to ascertain the media as the fixed cause for raising psychological issues in an actor, existing research and media content still persists to support such a statement.To reiterate, the actors role in the industry is beyond simply learning lines and taking guidance from a director, the individual must have ‘creative instincts’ and unquestionably be determined to succeed, even when the media is always standing by to scrutinise their every move. When the dream of becoming an actor and securing the place in the business has come true more problems arise, in any profession, at any age a person will find that when aiming to be the professional desired, one will face hurdles and dream of reaching that goal and living ‘an easy life’.However, even when the goal is reached there will always be obstacles surrounding the role of the actor. â€Å"Many talented acto rs don’t succeed in show business because they simply forget the first rule: Show business is a business. † Garrison (2002, p. 1). If the actor has hunger and fortitude for acting, these hurdles will simply pass them by. Passion is the main ingredient to becoming an actor, if the actor has enough willpower for the occupation, the actor will strive to overcome all challenges to achieve this goal.

Emtional impact of Civil war essays

Emtional impact of Civil war essays The Civil War began July1861 when Union troops set out for Richmond, Virginia. They met Confederate forces soon after the left at a small stream in Virginia called Bull Run. The carnage that followed showed the nation that the war was anything but civil. In this war fathers fought sons, brothers fought brothers, and families fought themselves. This no doubt left emotional scars for everyone involved. An example of the emotional impact that the war had left on the soldiers, the families, and the nation is The Slopes of War by N.A Perez. This book is about the Summerhill family, which is going through the Civil War. Rebekah Summerhill has three family members who are fighting in the war. Buck Summerhill, Rebekahs brother, is accompanied by his friend Tully Willard. They are both privates in the Union Army. Custis and Mason Walker, Rebekahs cousins, are privates in the Confederate Army. During their childhood Rebekah, Buck, Custis, and Mason were close since the both grew up in the same area. Because of this Buck and Rebekah has the emotional dispute of fighting their own blood in a war. The purpose of this thesis is to show the emotional impact the Civil War had on the people involved. And how The Slopes of War portrayed it. I will show examples of this in a letter by Jno. D. Dameron, another letter by JN Bennet, and a song called, The Prisoners Hope by George F. Root. The letter by Jno. D. Dameron is to his father. In it he writes about his father not writing to him, I had concluded that I could not write to any more until I had received a letter from home. (Dameron, letter by author, December 1862) This shows how homesick Dameron was. This is exactly how Buck felt during the first parts of the book, Were getting close to home (The Slopes of War, N.A. Perez, PG 3) The quote came from when Bucks squadron i ...

The impact of some selected factors in cooperative learning on the improvement of academic performance and social behavior among grade five students at a primary school †ABSTRACT

The impact of some selected factors in cooperative learning on the improvement of academic performance and social behavior among grade five students at a primary school – ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate The impact of some selected factors in cooperative learning on the improvement of academic performance and social behaviour among Grade Five students at a primary school in central Clarendon. The need to research this topic arose from an observation that a number of students lacked good social skills. This was displayed in and out of the classroom. The researcher also observed that students were not performing up to acceptable academic standards. In order to garner data for the study, a questionnaire, observation checklist, and pre and post tests were instruments that were used. The three main features that were looked at were; cooperative learning, academic performance and social behaviour. Data were collected, analyzed and interpreted. Major findings reflected that the majority of the students performed better academically when cooperative learning strategies were utilized; marked improvement in the social behaviour of the sample was not iced as opposed to students who did not participate in the cooperative learning exercise.American Education is in the DumpsterThe relationship between cooperative learning and academic performance was found to be highly significant. More students obtained failing grades when they had to work by themselves than when they worked with others. The researcher recommended that: The Ministry of Education make it mandatory that the cooperative learning strategy and the teaching of social skills be incorporated in the curriculum at all levels of the education system. The Ministry of Education should also ensure that classrooms are equipped with more instructional aids for teachers to successfully carry out cooperative learning activities because adequate materials will bring about an increase in students‚ academic performance. Regular workshops and seminars should be held by The Ministry of Education for teachers to educate themselves on the effective use and implementation of cooperativ e learning strategies in the classrooms. Guidance Counsellors and...

How to Improve Professional Writing in the Field of Political Science

How to Improve Professional Writing in the Field of Political Science How to Improve Professional Writing in the Field of Political Science In professional writing, one of the tough parts about developing your writing is understanding where you need to improve, and how you might work towards addressing your shortcomings. 1. Learn how to Read Critically Dont trust everything written in the newspapers or shown on TV. Political writers cannot afford it, they need to boost their skill of critical reading. Pay attention to nuances and compare what it is said about the issue by different stakeholders. Most political science writers follow the similar system in their writing: introduce an observation or a puzzle, which lead to them asking a question; investigate other researchers’ work to come up with an argument in response to the question asked; and use proof (qualitative or quantitative data) to test their argument. 2. Get Used to Credible Sources of Information Professional political writers care about their reputation, thus they don’t utilize information taken from sources with questionable credibility. When looking for sources, especially websites, think about whether they are reliable or not. What you want is your paper containing   sources from professional and unbiased experts, rather than from businessmen with commercial interests. 3. Deep Assessment and Critical Thinking When writing, analyzing the topic can encourage making a reasonable outline for your paper.   Make use of empirical evidence, numbers, facts, and history, to back up your argument. Sometimes, purely deductive argument may be appropriate, however, but a more persuasive argument is that backed by evidence. Argue against yourself. After establishing your argument, identify questions or objections that may be raised by a skeptical reader, and address them quickly. This demonstrates to the readers that you were thorough, careful, thoughtful, and paid due respect to alternate interpretations or possible objections. 4. Generate New Ideas One of the greatest challenges that political writers face is coming up with new ideas. It is a common problem called â€Å"writer’s block†. It surprises many new writers. Without too much effort, most people can think of a bunch of creative ideas about familiar topics. Most people who start to write articles begin with those simple topics, and the writing goes quickly. They naturally expect all their writing to be that easy. It won’t. Writer’s block is a common problem. Every writer gets to a point where they come up short on ideas. That is why the ability to generate new ideas is quite essential. 5. Humanize Your Writing Keep the writing in your voice. It’s really easy to take on the voice of the topic rather than your own when you’re out of your comfort zone. Strive to make it your own and what your readers are stylistically used to seeing from you. You may use a picture, video or an official statement to launch your argument. As daunting as it sounds, you don’t necessarily have to call a press officer to get information, dozens of press releases are posted on the website of almost every governmental agency each week. 6. Get Feedback along the Way The feedback or what we call â€Å"bouncing ideas† between friends, both positive and critical, help shape self-evaluation of analytical skills to work on honing and enhancing them. Ask a friend or two to take a look at your Political Science paper. Two heads are better than one. You can have a discussion about the gaps in the argument that needs addressing, or the transition sentences that may help the argument â€Å"flow† quite logically. Some of the most efficient feedbacks comes as early as brainstorming on your approach to the topic or when drafting your paper’s research question. You may have brilliant political ideas, but if you cannot get them across with sound arguments, your ideas won’t get you anywhere! Improve on them, and see how good you’ll get.

The US. V. Mexican War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The US. V. Mexican War - Essay Example In the end, it may be said that Grant's statement of an unjust war was either warranted, or not warranted at all. The purpose of this assignment will to do just what Grant addresses. Uncover whether or not, through the eyes of various sources, try and uncover whether or not the US v. Mexican, or also known as the Mexican-American, War was one which was just in occurring, or should not have occurred in the first place. In addressing this conflict, it is crucial to understand its roots. It would be during this war that Mexico would loose control over what we know as present day California, all the way to Texas. According to "The Us-Mexican War" website, the war would last between the two nations from 1846 until 1848. It is in this website which readers can view different details about various war participants, and hopefully be able to conjure up an opinion(s) of their own about whether or not Grant was right about whether or not this war was just or unjust. The first line of the Manifest Destiny section is very telling. It states, "No nation ever existed without some sense of national destiny or purpose," (Manifest: Intro). In a way alludes to the idea of a destiny being fulfilled for both Mexico, as well as the United States. As you can very easily learn in a high school history class, manifest destiny is a term which was used around the time of the mid 18th century by foreign leaders in describing the desire of the United States to expand it's territory. In a way, the US was creating its future through the actions of the present. As for US opinion was, the section goes on to say that, "The people of the United States felt it was their mission to extend the 'boundaries of freedom' to others by imparting their idealism and belief in democratic institutions to those who were capable of self-government. It excluded those people who were perceived as being incapable of self-government, such as Native American people and those of non-Europ ean origin," (Manifest: Intro). Here right from the start is the clue that some in power in the US, and even outside as well, would see this conflict as just in proving it's ability to control not only its own borders, but its neighboring borders as well. In gauging the rightfulness of the war, it is also important to point out any discord inside Mexico itself on the part of its people. The section entitled "The Divisions in Mexico during the War with the United States", author Miguel Soto of the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico writes of how the country was battling all kinds of unrest in areas such as economics, as well as social. This was occurring, or had been occurring, during the time, which the country was moving closer to war with the United States. Like all countries that were given the opportunity, Mexico so desired its chance for independence from the colony, which governed it. In a double-edged sword type of move, the author talks of how when Mexico was given its independence, it came in a form of government which still had some of the same rules and policies that made it no different than when they were under colonial control. Goes on to talk of political issues and the alluding to have military rebellious behavio r being the norm for handling issues. Not too different than what you hear from those today who lived in Mexico as younger persons, but for one reason or the other came to the United States. After surveying the Mexican government, it now becomes

A reaction to 3 articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A reaction to 3 articles - Essay Example What he seems to be categorical however is that despite Japan’s intransigence about foreign workers, they have to move with urgency and resolve legal hurdles deterring foreign workers coming to Japan as Japan is staring at a crisis soon to come of lack of workers in vital sectors as the Japanese population declines and becomes aged. At the beginning of the article, Chico says that for Japan to continue maintaining economic relevance in the next decades, it will â€Å"depend on its ability to-and its willingness-to grow by seeking outside help.†He cites the case of foreign nurses and the odds they face-they must pass a test that â€Å"almost no foreigner passes.† He explains that Japan has â€Å"deep misgivings about immigration and has tightly controlled the ability of foreigners to live and work† in Japan. He explains that with her declining population, the government will have but, to source foreign workers. The government is taking steps towards loosening of grip on immigration and in fact, it hopes to double the number of highly skilled foreign workers within a decade. He nonetheless observes that Japan is on course to have three workers for every two retirees by 2060.Noting that Japan has a program to that effect-the economic partnership program- with Indonesia and Philipines,he howeve r observes that the program has a flaw. Throughout the article, he shows that Japan has a need for skilled labour but it is stuck with restrictive rules like on language. He indicates that a language test with a pass rate of less than 1 percent will always be criticized.

Crittaclly Describe and Analyse the world Top Ten Airports of the Essay

Crittaclly Describe and Analyse the world Top Ten Airports of the Civil Aviation Industry - Essay Example The airport was once the largest airport in America before Atlanta airport took over the first place. The O’Hare International Airport has four terminals with a combined number of an astounding 182 gates. The airport runs over 50 different airlines and has a positive feedback from its customers. This is indeed one the largest and the oldest airports of human history. The airport was created in 1923 and in 1949 it was named Chicago Midway airport from its previous name of Chicago Municipal airport. This is the second largest airport in the Chicago areas and the second busiest in the state of Illinois after Chicago’s OHare International Airport. The number of travelers that passed through Midway was 17,340,497 in2008. The airport is the 30th busiest airport in the Unites States. The airport has an over eighty years of top quality service, with only 21 accidents. The last tragedy took place almost thirty four years ago in 1976. The airport has 43 gates in total. Southwest airline is still their dominant service which controls 28 of these 43 gates. The two main players in the Chicago IL area are as mentioned Midway and O’Hare. According to the financial statements issued by Chicago city airport system, O’Hare saw 75 million customers and Midway as many as 19 million customers. If we analyze the market share in terms of customer base than we can say that the market share of O’Hare is almost 79%. There are a many other smaller airports in the area with negligible market share. The industry is owned and run by the city council. The mayor of Chicago is the person in charge and has delegated operational authority to John A. Roberson who is the Commissioner in Chicago’s Department of Aviation. The airport has two types of customers. The primary customers are the travelers. They use the facilities being provided by Chicago IL airport system such as restaurants, lodging and restrooms. The main

Language Acquisition Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Language Acquisition Theories - Essay Example A great deal of a child's acquisition of linguistic structure occurs during the first five years of life. This is the period when he is most active in discerning a set of underlying organizational principles of language from the expression that surrounds him. It is amazing how at a very young age, he is capable of abstracting meaning from direct experience with other language users depending on his own context. Lindfors (1987) notes that the child's language environment includes a set of specific sentences, however, it is not this set of sentences that he acquires, but deduces from these an underlying set of organizational principles and sound-meaning relationships. To illustrate, children as young as two do not talk by simply using the specific sentences they hear, but rather, they construct sentences according to their own early version of organized principles underlying the specific sentences they have heard. Perhaps due also limited language and motor skills, the child's early linguistic system is different from the adult's and results in telegraphic and grammatically erratic sentences like "He no want to sit me.", "I not like it", and "He gived it to me." Over time, his language system will be revised in many different situations, and his sentences will become more adult-like. For his own purpose, he builds his own rule-governed constructions as he has deduced from his environment. (Lindfors, 1987) There have been many theories conceptualized as to how language is acquired by human beings. Lindfors (1987) claims, "Virtually every child, without special training, exposed to surface structures of language in many interaction contexts, builds for himself - in a short period of time and at an early stage in his cognitive development - a deep-level, abstract, and highly complex system of linguistic structure and use. "( 90) This implies that every child is capable of learning language. The question is, how do they' Two proponents of theories of language acquisition have opposing views on the matter: B.F. Skinner, the father of Behaviorism, a psychologist and Noam Chomsky, a linguist. Their theories shall be discussed independently at first, and then contrasted later. Skinner's Behaviorist Model of language acquisition is consistent with the rules of operant conditioning, based upon a stimulus-response model. Simply put, infants are presented with language which they imitate. They are rewarded for their imitations so they continue to repeat what they have heard. Their imitation does not have to be exact or immediate in order for them to make use of it in learning language.

Andres Serrano Ana Mendieta's Artworks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Andres Serrano Ana Mendieta's Artworks - Essay Example Apart from this to capture art he travels with his equipment to the most mundane places and picks up his subjects randomly yet always creating a stir (Ontani, 2000). By carrying his photographic background paper and lights in New York subways he was able to capture the homeless in their bedraggled clothes .His most recent shows contained another example of this fashion in which he photographed couples in Bizarre way and although caught in tender moments yet were provocative which Adrian Searle of the Guardian described as a "young couple, she with a strap on dildo he with a mildly expectant expression (Nairne & Howgate, 2006)". Many of his works have received much controversy especially true was in the case of Piss Christ which is a photograph of the crucifix submerged in a glass of his own urine. There are other works that too are subjected to the submerged forms of bodily fluids. Yet it is to be observed that although the much contrived Piss Christ was not appreciated when first exhibited it nevertheless sold for $ 162,000 in 1999 in a London Museum and was originally estimated at $20,000- $30,000. Still many slandered him for producing offensive art but nevertheless he got scot-free from circles who believed in artistic freedom (Stilles and Selz, 1995). Expression In Art Serranos work has received a lot of criticism it has been labeled notorious, lurid, offensive, at one point yet on the other it has also gained popularity and is famous .What makes him popular and notorious at the same time is the fact that perhaps he picks up controversial subjects for his work and has a provocative mind for the application of contrasting beautiful serene images with offensive material (Cahan & Kocur, 1996). To the mind of Serrano what at one instant is pure is also containing the darker side to it as well. There is always a twist to the most ordinary and leaves one to wonder if not everything is not as we have always imagined but there is more to it than just what we had always imagined. Applications Of Seranos Work Some of his most famous works are seen as Blood and Semen III on metal band Metallica's " load" Piss and Blood is used on Metallica's "Re Load" Indirect Approach: Serrano's has a very indirect approach to all his art work and he utilizes this in a very cool and subtle manner. Much of his mature work began as early as in the 80's. His focus initially remained mainly on catholic iconography. However he soon turned his attention to be more taboo stuff. This included his use of bodily fluids for his artwork. For much of his creations he received death threats and hate mails. Yet this did not deter the artist in the least and he remained focused on his work as before. The fuss created for his artwork only resulted in the increase of price of his work pieces. Piss Christ It is a 30 by 40 inch color photograph of the crucifix in which the artist has submerged it in the body fluid semen. This piece of art met many disagreeable circles who voiced their opinions very openly calling him a

Incarnation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Incarnation - Research Paper Example Thus, in the earliest state of Christianity, the Evangelists did neither elaborate on Jesus’s words â€Å"The Father and I are one†3 nor expound on the baptizing formula â€Å"in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit†4; which, according to Dibb, indicates that they were more concerned with the message of salvation, rather than with the theological detail.5 On the other hand, identifying Jesus as Christ and linking Him to the Father (Lord), the New Testament writers not just suggested the fulfillment of Jewish expectations of the Messiah, but also His divine status – the latter being considered the central point that has made the uniqueness of Christianity6. All in all, the whole Christian tradition could be considered as â€Å"recording and interpreting various collective and individual experiences of Jesus†7; while the experiential knowledge of Jesus, in turn, became more or less the basis of ‘philosophy’ in the context of Christology89. ... This paper is focused on the central concept in Christology, namely the incarnation, which actually represents the greatest challenge faced by theologians, philosophers and apologists concerned with the Christian faith and worship. The following sections explore the concept of incarnation as viewed by representatives of different schools of thought and traditions within the Christian Church, as well as by contemporary theologians and researchers in the field. Thus, the paper traces the development of this concept over the centuries and attempts to address its acceptability nowadays. Early Christian Writers – Views of the Nature of God The relationship between the human and the divine, the finite and infinite, in the person of Jesus, appeared an issue that increasingly required further articulation. St Ignatius, who became the Bishop of Antioch in 69 AD and was sentenced to death in about 107 AD, wrote a series of Epistles to the Christians, in which Jesus Christ is depicted as â€Å"God becoming visible†, â€Å"God existing in flesh, true life in death†, representing the mind of the Father12. Ignatius had philosophically described a progression â€Å"from divinity to humanity†, where Jesus Christ is not considered a separate being but a part of the progression whereby the mind of God had become flesh, and the â€Å"doorway to the Father†13. However, according to Ignatius, the human and divine in Christ does not interfere with the unity of God14. One of the earliest Christian writers, St Irenaeus of Lyons (120 – 202 AD), who served at Lyons as a presbyter to Polycarp, wrote his magnum opus – Against Heretics – at about 180 AD15. In this work, having exposed the errors of Gnosticism, Irenaeus set forth

Andres Serrano Ana Mendieta's Artworks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Andres Serrano Ana Mendieta's Artworks - Essay Example Apart from this to capture art he travels with his equipment to the most mundane places and picks up his subjects randomly yet always creating a stir (Ontani, 2000). By carrying his photographic background paper and lights in New York subways he was able to capture the homeless in their bedraggled clothes .His most recent shows contained another example of this fashion in which he photographed couples in Bizarre way and although caught in tender moments yet were provocative which Adrian Searle of the Guardian described as a "young couple, she with a strap on dildo he with a mildly expectant expression (Nairne & Howgate, 2006)". Many of his works have received much controversy especially true was in the case of Piss Christ which is a photograph of the crucifix submerged in a glass of his own urine. There are other works that too are subjected to the submerged forms of bodily fluids. Yet it is to be observed that although the much contrived Piss Christ was not appreciated when first exhibited it nevertheless sold for $ 162,000 in 1999 in a London Museum and was originally estimated at $20,000- $30,000. Still many slandered him for producing offensive art but nevertheless he got scot-free from circles who believed in artistic freedom (Stilles and Selz, 1995). Expression In Art Serranos work has received a lot of criticism it has been labeled notorious, lurid, offensive, at one point yet on the other it has also gained popularity and is famous .What makes him popular and notorious at the same time is the fact that perhaps he picks up controversial subjects for his work and has a provocative mind for the application of contrasting beautiful serene images with offensive material (Cahan & Kocur, 1996). To the mind of Serrano what at one instant is pure is also containing the darker side to it as well. There is always a twist to the most ordinary and leaves one to wonder if not everything is not as we have always imagined but there is more to it than just what we had always imagined. Applications Of Seranos Work Some of his most famous works are seen as Blood and Semen III on metal band Metallica's " load" Piss and Blood is used on Metallica's "Re Load" Indirect Approach: Serrano's has a very indirect approach to all his art work and he utilizes this in a very cool and subtle manner. Much of his mature work began as early as in the 80's. His focus initially remained mainly on catholic iconography. However he soon turned his attention to be more taboo stuff. This included his use of bodily fluids for his artwork. For much of his creations he received death threats and hate mails. Yet this did not deter the artist in the least and he remained focused on his work as before. The fuss created for his artwork only resulted in the increase of price of his work pieces. Piss Christ It is a 30 by 40 inch color photograph of the crucifix in which the artist has submerged it in the body fluid semen. This piece of art met many disagreeable circles who voiced their opinions very openly calling him a

Hinduism Paper Essay Example for Free

Hinduism Paper Essay With over 900 million followers, Hinduism is the third largest religion today. Only Christianity and Islam have more. The major difference between them though, is that Hinduism did not spread like the other two religions. Out of the 900 million followers that the Hindu religion has, only 20 million are located outside of India. The religion barely spread outside of India, mainly because of how the Hindu religion is followed and how its culture is. Hinduism has a very rich history, and during the seventeenth and eighteenth century the religion went through some big changes that changed India and the countries around them. Hinduism started in around 3000 BC but unlike other religions, which had one certain founder, or someone who generally started the religion, the Hindu religion grew slowly out of beliefs, cultures and practices of ancient Indo-Aryan tribes. In the article â€Å"Enjoying Religions: When Did Hinduism Begin?† Buddha tells us that Hinduism took centuries to actually become a true religion. Hindus believe in reincarnation, that every living thing has a soul, and that after death each soul gets born again into a different body. Karma plays a huge role in Hinduism, where if you live a life of good, you move onto a better form of life, and if you live a life of evil, you move down to a lower form of life. Hindus believe that you keep coming back to life to live on earth over and over again, and over many lifetimes you can escape this cycle and join Brahman. This is pretty far apart from Christianity and Islam, where you only live once and then either go to heaven or hell according to how you lived your life. Another difference between Hinduism and other religions is that they don’t have a central book like the Bible or the Quran. Instead they have sacred texts, and together they make a book called Vedas. The caste system played and continues to play a major role in India. Hinduism is not just a religion, but also a way of life, which affects everyday life of the average Indian. From marriage to friendship and from what you can eat to how you should sleep. In Hindu culture you can only be married to someone who is in the same caste as you are. Hinduism has played a huge role in shaping the history of southern Asia. The Pre-Modern Period of Hinduism, which was around the years 1500-1757, was a time where different cultures were starting to get involved in India and the Hindu religion. Mainly Islam. Professor Gavin Flood tells us in his article, â€Å"The History of Islam† that the Islam forces started in the North, and by the beginning of the seventeenth century Mughal power was brought into effect and in the article â€Å"The Mughal Empire – Akbar† they really give an inside look at the life and reign of Akbar. Akbar, who was one of the greatest leaders of the Mughal Empire and in Indian history, was very tolerant to religion. In fact, he actually married a Hindu princess. Akbar allowed the Hindus to practice freely. However, his great grandson, Aurangzeb, who ruled from 1618 to 1707, restricted Hindu practice and destroyed many Hindu temples. He was the last of the Mughal Emperors. Although under his rule the Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent, he was also the reason for the empires fall. The British Period, which starts at 1757 and goes all the way to 1947, started with Robert Clive’s victory at the Battle of Plassey, which ended the Mughal Empire and the rise of British supremacy in India. Before the Indian Rebellion in 1857, India was divided into many small and unstable kingdoms, until the entire country fell into British rule. In the beginning of British rule they were very lenient on religious tolerance, and allow the Indians to practice their Hindu religion. Slowly over time, Christian missionaries started going to India trying to convent the Indians. Shortly after, British scholars started going to India and started to try to westernize the local population. Some tried to make the Hindu religion more modern and western, and created Neo-Hinduism, as it says in the article by Brian Smith, â€Å"Hinduism†. Hinduism has come a long way in history. Most people would say the Hinduism is still just as pure as it started, even with foreign invasions like the Mughals with Islam, and the British with Christianity. Although they’ve tried, foreign missionaries could not convert the Hindus to either Islam or Christianity. Until today Hinduism is still mostly practiced in India and very little outside of there. Even though Hinduism is a religion mostly practiced in only one part of the globe, it is still the third largest religion in the world. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/history/history_1.shtml http://religiondilama.blogspot.com/2009/04/when-did-hinduism-begin.html http://library.thinkquest.org/C006203/cgi-bin/stories.cgi?article=akbarsection=history/mughals/emperorsframe=parent http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Hinduism.aspx

Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt

Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Ally Brouwere Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt were no regular couple. They dependably have had eyes on them particularly being the president and the principal woman of the United States. But when bits of gossip about the president becoming personally involved with his security began to turn out there were more eyes on them than any time before. Who even is Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt? Franklin Roosevelt was thirty second president of the united states. Franklin Roosevelt was born in 1882. His dad had been married beforehand and was at that point was 54 years of age with a 28 year old child already. So, Franklin became very close with his mom, Sara. He spent the most of his childhood by his moms side, to the point that when he went to life experience school, some of his peers named him a mommys boy. As a young child, he became involved with his second cousin Eleanor Roosevelt. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the main U.S. president to be chosen four terms. He was the leader of the United States through the Great Depression and World War II. Franklin Roosevelt was leader of the United States from March 4, 1933 April 12, 1945. He was serving presidency during World War II and additionally the immense misery. He had a lot of troubled times being president but his relationship made it even harder with his wife Eleanor Roosevelt. Who is Eleanor Roosevelt? Eleanor was born on October 11 1884 in New York City. In 1905 she married her second cousin Franklin Roosevelt. Franklin found out that he had polio in 1921, after Franklin discovered he had Polio Eleanor made a decision to help him from that point forward to help him with his political profession. From that point, LeHand turned into FDRs private secretary. She remained next to him for the following two decades, noting his mail, nursing him through sick wellbeing, applauding his fantasy of a wellbeing resort in provincial Georgia (cox). Marguerite Leonard was born on september 13 in 1898. Leonard was born in a town called potsdam new york. Franklin Delano Roosevelts secretary, nurture, team promoter, counselor and conceivably partner. Missy, as franklins kids nicknamed her, she was so important to franklins life and career that he split the salary of his home equally amongst her and his significant other, Eleanor (cox). Marguerite was Roosevelts security for a long time and reputed to be a lesbian. , LeHand so awed Eleanor that after the Democrats marvelous misfortune, she requested that the young lady work at the familys Hyde Park, N.Y., home (cox) The dowager was Lucy Mercer Missy LeHand In 1920, Marguerite Missy LeHand had come to act as Franklins secretary. Throughout the years, they built up a cozy relationship, with Missy filling in as one of Franklins principle companions and partners. She lived in the White House amid his administration, and when she endured a stroke, Franklin made it so that his will to had included her. Eleanor and every one of the children were very welcoming towards Missy saw herself as part of the Roosevelt family. Franklins child Elliott later uncovered that his dad and Missy had a different relationship then everyone thought, and it appears to be likely that the family knew at the time. , who had been Roosevelts special lady almost 30 years earlier(truth about fdr). When bits of gossip about the undertaking began to fly around, Eleanor wanted a divorce . In a few regards, FDR and Eleanor had a fizzled marriage, however they likewise had a profound bond and regard for one another (richard). FDR and Eleanor had a confused marriage, yet they cherished each other to the end. Mercer was a set up by the Roosevelts daughter , Anna. Franklin was kept to a wheelchair and couldnt do anything because of the polio, so Anna talked individuals for him. Nobody knows when Lucy and Franklin started their issue, however it was in advance when Roosevelt cruised to france in 1918 tin assess maritime powers battling to the germans in world war one.(cox) But who was standing by them during when the affair came out? Who were they really? How did this affect them and who else would it really affect besides Elenor? It would affect the Roosevelt children but who truly are they? Anna she was born on May 3, 1906, was the oldest child of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, and also was their only daughter. She later on married young man named Curtis B. Dall in 1926 they also had two children together a son and a daughter .She then divorced and remarried a young man named John Boettiger in 1935 and they had only one child together which was a son. In 1944 annas father asked if Anna would move into the White House to become his personal aide witch she ended up becoming his assistant. During her mothers abandonment she stept up as the white houses hostess Anna watched her father as his good health became a burden she would also met with people that her father was unable to see. Anna stood by him during his time. Anna was a writer and journalist. S he spent much of her later life to problems of education and to carrying on many of her mothers interests and problems. Anna died of cancer at the age of sixty nine. James Roosevelt, who was the first son of Eleanor and Franklin was born on December 23, 1907 in New York City. He went to Groton School, before moving up too Harvard University, and then after he finished Boston University to get his law degree. He had an early interest in politics, helping with his fathers 1936 reelection campaign. He also worked in the Roosevelt White House as an executive assistant. . He passed away in 1991 from complications due to a stroke.The next child they had was Elliot Roosevelt who was Born on September 23, Elliot Roosevelt was educated at Groton Academy. After finishing Groton and the Hun School in New Jersey, Elliot entered the business world, specializing in advertising and journalism, where he rose to the level of executive in several firms.Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr. was born on Augus t 17, 1914 on Campobello Island, New Brunswick in Canada. He was educated at the Groton School, graduated from Harvard University in 1937, and completed law school at the University of Virginia in 1940.Franklin joined the U.S. armed forces at the outbreak of the Second World War, joining the Naval Reserves. He was called to active duty in the Navy in March of 1941, serving in North Africa, Europe, and the Pacific, and was decorated for bravery in the battle of Casablanca and awarded the Purple Heart Medal and the Silver Star. After the war, Franklin Jr. practiced law and became active in politics with a combination of appointive and elective office.The youngest of the Roosevelt Children, John Roosevelt was born on March 13, 1916 in Washington, D.C. He was educated at Groton and Harvard University. During the Second World War, he served in the Navy aboard the USS Wasp, an aircraft carrier in the Pacific theater The time frame of this issue was during his presidency terms a total of seven years. This was in the 1930s She and Franklin most likely got to be got very personal in 1916, and the undertaking was found in September 1918, when Eleanor, unloading for her significant other, who had recently come back from England with influenza, found a whole bunch of love letters. Nobody truly knows when it began simply accepted it finished when franklin passed on. Which was in 1945.There was truly no closure for eleanor enlight of the fact that she didnt find solutions or any sort of conclusion. At the point when eleanor got some answers concerning the issue Eleanor offered Franklin a separation, but franklins mother sara, ventured in franklins issues and said that on the off chance that he divorced his significant other she could never converse with him and ensure he would abandon a penny. Louis Howe, Franklins put stock in counselor, said that leaving his better half would mean the finish of his po litical profession. So Franklin consented to remain in the marriage yet standards were made by Eleanor: He needed to sever with Lucy Merce as quickly as time permits and was advised he wasnt permitted to see him until kingdom come and he would never rest in his better halfs bed as some kind of discipline it appears like Franklin likewise truly needed a separation it wasnt simply elenor If Franklin truly intended to leave his wife He now stood up to his decisions, flexibility at a high cost of living in the agreeable jail of tradition. He delighted in rich living and carelessly expected it as his due. The yearly wage from Eleanors trust, $8,000, and his own $5,000 could be told as a white collar class life. If they split who would pay for the upkeep on their homes, the workers pay rates, the club memberships, the childerns school cost at the best tuition based schools? The last march that Franklin was alive he told his mother sara that he was tired of her threatening to remove him ou t of her life when she is the one who he has taken care of and she is the one who owes him money. Eventually, Eleanor came to Franklin to let him know how she truly felt and that was that was that she had no love and no fight left to be with him anymore and she wanted a divorce even after having six children she feels that he broke something and it will never be fixed and at that point she did not care how she looked to the world. Overall, with all the rumors that were involved in this scandal was missy really a lesbian?did franklin really cheat on eleanor? Was their really love letters between missy and franklin? Did eleanor really want a divorce? No One will ever really know its all really he said she said and up in the air. But when you are the most important person in america the whole world gets involved in your business

A Seperate Peace, by John Knowles :: essays research papers

A Separate Peace was written by active author John Knowles from his real experiences and personal struggles. Knowles attended Phillips Exeter Academy, an exclusive New Hampshire prep school, for two summer sessions in 1943 and 1944. This book vaguely outlines his experiences at Exeter with himself as the main character but under the name of Gene Forrester. Knowles' novel tells the somber story of a young man's struggle to escape from himself and his world; to achieve a special and separate peace. The primary setting of A Separate Peace is at the Devon School. The exact location of this school is not known in terms of a state, but it is identified as being in the South, sitting between a freshwater and a saltwater stream. The bulk of the story takes place in the years of 1942 through 1944 at the same time as World War II, but the beginning and end of the book consist of Gene looking back on his years at the Devon School 15 years after he had attended it. A Separate Peace considers two conflicts: man against man and man against himself. Early in the story Gene believes that his problems lie within his best friend Phineas (Finny), but later he realizes that his conflict is internal. Misplaced jealousy, fear, love and hate fight for control of Gene's actions. When the dark side of him wins for a brief moment and he pushes Finny out of a tree it ends his man against man conflict and makes Gene realize that Finny's intention has never been to sabotage him. He had only wanted to have a close and meaningful relationship with his best friend, but their relationship was forever scarred by Gene's betrayal. Gene also learns that people destruct themselves all of the time for no reason, believing that others are enemies when they actually are not.. This can be observed in the last lines of the book when Gene states, "All of them, all except Phineas, constructed at infinite cost to themselves these Maginot Lines against this enemy they thoug ht they saw across the frontier, this enemy who never attacked that way -if he ever attacked at all; if he was indeed the enemy." The climax of the story occurs when Gene and Finny finally have a two-sited discussion about the incident at the tree. This tear-filled conversation makes each boy realize how much they actually care for each other.

Law :: essays research papers

Anyone who works in the legal business knows that communication is both verbal and non-verbal and we also know that the verbal element–that is, the spoken word taken alone–is an extremely unreliable story-teller. This is why all lawyers should know how to interpret a second language. The second language I’m going to talk about is the non-verbal language. First, the non-verbal language creates better communication skills, needed by a lawyer. Second, the non-verbal language would greatly benefit international lawyers. Finally, understanding the non-verbal language will have an impact on future career growth. First, the non-verbal language creates better communication skills, needed by a lawyer. Witnesses are not always believed despite their credentials and their command of the facts. In some instances, witnesses are believed despite their little mistakes about the same facts. Jury decisions turn on an obscure point either overlooked or understated in the case all because of an insufficient or incomplete understanding of non-verbal communication. In the diverse world of lawyers, the unreliability of the spoken word plays out in cases that are won and lost, which ultimately has an effect on the decision making to the trial judge or jury. Second, the non-verbal language would greatly benefit international lawyers. Understanding the non-verbal language prepares international lawyers who have to litigate in other countries. It also provides the lawyers the necessary tools to prepare a witness, by knowing the different cultures, customs, and courtesies. Lawyers might not be able to fully understand the verbal language of their witness, but can use their tools of the non-verbal language to coach their witness. Also, the non-verbal language will help a lawyer during the jury selection process. The lawyer’s ability to analyze the non-verbal language while questioning the potential jurors, benefits the lawyer and the client. Finally, understanding the non-verbal language will have an impact on future career growth. A number of lawyers become judges, and most judges have first been lawyers. In fact, Federal and State judges usually are required to be lawyers. Understanding non-verbal language helps a lawyer transition to a position as a judge and applies the non-verbal skills to listen to testimony and make rulings. Also, a majority of Senators and Representatives are previous lawyers. Senators and Representatives are elected by the people, which means, the ability to communicate non-verbally benefits any lawyer wanting to become a politician. The ability to understand non-verbal language opens up a variety of opportunities for career growth as a lawyer.

American Foreign Relations before 1913

The American Foreign Relations also referred to as the foreign policy of the United States of America is the adopted policies that the country uses in its interaction with other countries. As of now, the United States is the most influential country in the world on the basis that it is the only remaining superpower after the collapse of the Soviet Union which led to the end of the Cold War.As of now, the economy of the United States is the world largest and this helps the country in its global outreach. The country nowadays has set is foreign policies agendas and objectives as the creation of a world which is more secure, democratic and economically powerful of the benefit of the American citizens as well as the international community (Gardner, 1984).During the Bush administration, the American country has been faced by many international threats and enemies. This is because the administration is thought to have overstepped its foreign relations especially in the country's quest to bring about world peace and democracy to all nations around the world.However, it is important to relate to the historical overview of the United States of America from the time it gained independence to the beginning of the First World War (John, 1935).From 1776 to 1898The United States gained its independence from Britain in the year 1776 and this was brought about by the American Revolution. It is important to note that from that time, America began its relations with some of the superpowers of Europe at that time, key among them being France.However, from the time of American Revolution to the time of Spanish-American War, the United States foreign relations focused mainly in the regional relations rather the international relations (Engerman, 2000).During the American Revolution, the United States of America developed ties with major European powers at that time. This was necessary because it main rival and colonizer, Britain was a very powerful force at that time. The United S tates could not have defeated Britain without the help of some powerful countries.This was the reason that necessitated America to establish ties with Spain, Netherlands and France and it is important to note that the country needed the countries for their intervention in its war with Britain[1]. Britain at that time was a mutual enemy of the three European countries and the United States as well.The intervention of these three countries saw to it that America attained its independence and also assumed the status of a sovereign state (Gardner, 1984).After its war with Britain, the United States also continued to cultivate its ties with Britain and this was enhanced by the signing of the Olive Branch Policy. The United States made various efforts to restore peace and also resume its important trade with Britain. French having contributed so much in the American Revolution was also not left out of the picture.To this end, the United States continued its relations with the French Repub lic and an important evidence to this is the French presentation of the Statue of Liberty to the United States in the year 1886 (Foner, 1970).[1]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gilbert, Felix. To the Farewell Address: Ideas of Early American Foreign Policy. Princeton, N.J., (1961): 236 – 267

Do Large Business Have an Affect on Small Business Essay

Considering the normative statement that both large and small businesses should follow the same ethical and moral standards, this paper analyzes the perceptions of individuals based on the relative ethical behavior of small business as compared to large business. The study of ethics focuses on the differences between what is right and what is wrong in society which affects both small business and large business due to their obligation to the public and their stakeholders. Both entities are guided by the same standards and both are expected to meet all legal regulations and ethical standards. The analysis employs surveys to gauge the public’s perceptions of the ethical decision making by management in both small business and large business. The survey also analyzes the role of those ethical decisions within scenarios and their impact on the individuals’ patron behavior in small business as compared to large business. Statistical analysis has been utilized to test the authors’ overall hypothesis that the public is generally less concerned about ethical decision making of small business relative to large business. The implications of these findings for both large and small businesses are provided with the analysis and suggestions to correct the disparity between both entities. Introduction During the past decades it has been evident that ethics has become the hot topic in business. However, much of the talk is not comprised of all types of business it involves primarily the large corporations. Large corporations such as Enron have caused much grief to those around them and everyone that they employed. Due to this reason regulations such as the Sarbanes- Oxley Act have been enforced to hold large businesses accountable. While these regulations have focused solely on large corporations, efforts to regulate small businesses have been small. It is estimated that small businesses make up over 80% of all business in the United States of America. That is a huge sector which is unregulated due to its size. While the adverse actions of each entity do not do great harm to the economy; the cumulative damage of all components of the group could have devastating impacts on the general economy. Literature Review Businesses today are completely different than the businesses of years past. Today, business ethics has become an area of great concern in both corporate culture and academia. Companies such as WorldCom and Enron have caused people to reevaluate philosophy and business. Ethics can be defined by the morals that people and companies hold. Although internal and external forces influence businesses, there are three issues that affect issues in business. These three issues are systematic, corporate, and individual. To truly understand each factor one has to understand how each of these issues differs and how they influence the business itself. Systematic issues analyze ethical values in economic, political, legal, and other social systems in which the business operates (Velasquez, 2006). An example of this would be a question of morality about the current laws pertaining to accounting systems. Laws influence the actions of people because they stem through consequences with the local or federal government. People tend to be scared of a higher authority more than self punishment. 2010 Small Business Institute ® National Conference Proceedings Vol. 34, No.1 – Winter 2010 293 The second factor is corporate issues which are issues of morality of internal activities such as policies, practices, and organizational structure (Velasquez, 2006). Corporate issues are based on corporate cultures. If a company treasures capital gains more than human capital the company would then lay off employees to save money. On the other hand, a company that treasures its employees is more likely to take a cut and keep their employees. To say that one company is more ethical because of their decision lays in a company’s moral standards. The idea of moral standards stems from the third type of issue which is the individual issues. Individual issues are issues that are based on individuals within a company along with their behaviors and decisions (Velasquez, 2006). This includes the moral standards of individuals. Moral standards are standards that are set by the individuals themselves and by no other governing body. Hence, each individual has a right to stand for what they believe in. It may be simple to take these three factors and state that this is common sense information; however, it is just as complicated to say that there can be one rule that can apply to every situation that is similar. In cases where individual morals differ from those of corporate or systematic, it is easy to assume that one would no longer pay attention to their place of business or the entity that is different. However, humans are prone to being victims of society and need to supply for their family. Knowing that something unethical is occurring at a place of business does not mean that the person will just walk away whether they have worked in small or large firms. Decisions of a business affect all tiers of the organizational structure which in turn affect the lives of all stakeholders of the company. Therefore, ethical standards have risen due to the current corruption in many large businesses. News reports of Nike and Merck have grabbed the attention for case studies and have become the top selling stories. The news ran the stories that exposed the fragile nature of the corporate worked to their affect on the country’s economy. Due to the global impact of large corporations the public’s eye is primarily on large businesses; however, ethical issues arise in small businesses as well. Lisa Miller states that small businesses â€Å"were overlooked when Wall Street’s mega-scams and scandal came to light (Miller, 2003). For people that analyze and teach ethics â€Å"business ethics have almost invariably concerned the doing, indeed generally the misdoings, of large companies (Quinn, 1997).† Quinn noted that in the late 20th century there has been an increase in the economic activity of small businesses (Quinn, 1997). He states that not only do the managers have to be observed so do the employees. The employees have want approval of their peers which is also accepted by the manager/owner (Quinn, 1997). In large businesses it seems easier to separate you personal ethics from businesses ethics. In small businesses the relationship with one’s coworkers becomes a sub-family relationship making it that much harder to make â€Å"ethical† decision. The overall factors that influence business ethics derive from personal ethics and how those ethics affect others. Miller points out that it is an assumption that small businesses do not need a code of ethics however, they have a bigger temptation to b involved in â€Å"dubious business practices (Miller, 2003). 2010 Small Business Institute ® National Conference Proceedings Vol. 34, No.1 – Winter 2010 294 In Mark Schwartz essay A Code of Ethics for Corporate Code of Ethics, Schwartz finds that over ninety percent of large corporations have a code of ethics (Schwartz, 2002). He concluded that there a six universal moral standards in four different sources. The moral standards that he looked at included trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring, and citizenship (Schwartz, 2002). Due to these criteria Schwartz states that a code of ethics should be constructed on factors that could be audited. His study provides a normative foundation for evaluating a corporation’s code of ethics. In a 1981 an article by Brown and King analyzed the influences and perceptions of small business ethics. In their foundational work Brown and King realized the disparity in public awareness between small business ethics and large business ethics. Brown and King surveyed a small group of individuals consisting of â€Å"small business† respondents and â€Å"other† respondents who were mostly employed by large corporations. Brown and King’s research sought to answer three questions. First, the research asked â€Å"How high are the ethics of small business people perceived to be?† Second, â€Å"Compared to others, what causes the behavior of people in small business to be more or less ethical?† Finally, â€Å"What are the prevailing small business attitudes concerning ethical issues?† (Brown and King, 1981). Brown and King found that there was a surprisingly small difference in the responses between the two subgroups of respondents. The research conducted by Brown and King examined the perspectives of those in the various sized business. The research left a gap in the general public’s perceptions of the ethical actions between large and small business. The Center for Business Ethics surveyed Fortune 1000 industrial and service companies to see how they have instilled their ethical values to compare their results from the study they performed in the mid 1980s. Their survey showed some progress but, not enough (Center for Business Ethics, 1992). Ethical standards fall in line with legal regulations. Sandra Malach, et al. believe that incorporating legal planning into business planning to avoid legal issues and to protect the businesses most important assets (Malach, Sandra et al, 2006). While legal action is important it is important to focus on consequences in a workplace outside o f the any punishments. To further analyze ethical dilemmas it is important to observe the consequences at a workplace. One consequence that business can apply is a zero tolerance policy in a workplace. This ethical dilemma is especially interesting when applied in a small business setting, and contrasted with techniques applied in large corporations. The ethical compass of the theory for the zero tolerance policy is Kant’s Categorical Imperative. Kant’s Categorical Imperative is defined by the rule that people should â€Å"Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, always at the same time as an end and never merely as a means to an end (Stanford, n.d.).† Kant’s Categorical Imperative is a very restrictive rule to live by and cannot practically be applied to everyday life. However, when discussing ethical dilemmas in the workplace, the Categorical Imperative should not be overlooked. The Zero Tolerance Policy embodies the Categorical Imperative in the sense that everyone must ask himself/herself whether they would be willing to have the same behavior applied to them if the roles were reversed. In the business setting the Categorical Imperative has a special value; it helps mitigate moral hazard. 2010 Small Business Institute ® National Conference Proceedings Vol. 34, No.1 – Winter 2010 295 Moral hazard was once described as â€Å"a situation in which a party is insulated from the consequences of its actions†¦Thus protected, it has no incentive to behave differently (Ahrens,2008).† In the business setting, moral hazard can be devastating to the culture of the company and can eat away at the profit margin. Consider an employee who is discovered to be â€Å"moonlighting† or working an untaxed second job during hours in which the employee should be giving full attention to their actual job. This behavior may seem harmless and may only warrant a verbal warning, but when the other employees discover how easy it is to get by with unethical behavior they are incentivized to act unethically. This slippery slope scenario results only in the necessary termination of the unethical employee. When an employer establishes that unethical behavior will not be tolerated the result is the strengthening of the corporate culture and the avoidance moral hazard. However, this scenario might work differently in a small business. In a small business the cost of a zero tolerance policy can be devastating. The costs associated with replacing an employee in a large corporation is easily spread across the entire entity as a fixed cost of doing business; this is not the case in the small business. The employer-employee relationship in the small business, by nature, is more flexible and more personal. This flexibility can allow for a more informal agreement, between management and employees, to be made. Finding a â€Å"win-win† solution allows for Kant’s Categorical Imperative to be upheld and moral hazard can be avoided. In a large publically traded company this kind of arrangement cannot be made because not all of those who are residual claimants (owners) can be spoken for. In the large publically owned company the zero tolerance policy should be followed, but in a small privately owned company a modified zero tolerance policy can be applied. Kant’s Categorical Imperative can be a useful tool when designing corporate policy in publically traded companies. The zero tolerance policy should be applied in publically traded companies. In addition, Kant’s Categorical Imperative should still be applied to design a modified zero tolerance policy in small private companies. To solve the issue of what the zero tolerance policy entails, the company needs to implement a code of ethics in their organization. Eberhard Schnebel and Margo A. Bienert state that a code of ethics strengthens an organizations success therefore improving the overall value of the company (Schnebel & Bienrt, 2004). The value that is added is the public’s perception that the business is there to benefit the community. L. Spence studied a similar phenomenon as this essay explores. In a 1999 study L. Spence found that there is a lack of information on any correlation between small businesses and their ethical standards. The reason for this is because small firms receive little attention by the media which makes them a quick oversight (Spence, 1999). Four years later L. Spence wrote an editorial with R. Rutherfoord to explore the sociological perspective in the field of ethics (Spence & Rutherfoord, 2003). Due to these two studies we have been motivated to explore the issue further and gain insight on why there is a lack of information on the issue. 2010 Small Business Institute ® National Conference Proceedings Vol. 34, No.1 – Winter 2010 296 Hypotheses As discussed earlier, the objective of this pilot study was to examine the differences in respondents’ perceptions of ethical dilemmas and ethical standards in small business as compared to large business. In order to facilitate the primary research objective the following working hypotheses were formed: H1: The size of the business will have no impact on consumers’ shopping decisions when ethical dilemmas are present. H2: The size of the business will have no impact on the actions of employees when ethical dilemmas are present. H3: The size of the business will have no impact on the respondents’ perception of the incentives associated with acting ethically. H4: In general, respondents believe that small businesses should be held to the same ethical standards as large corporations. These hypotheses are based on the supposition that individuals will be more lenient or forgiving of the shortcomings of small businesses relative to their large counterparts. Methodology The study was initiated with the creation of a preliminary (alpha) survey. The alpha survey resulted in fourteen respondents and was conducted by means of convenience sampling. The alpha survey was a paper based survey consisting of thirteen questions. The survey included demographic questions as well as analysis questions. There were mixed results on the alpha survey mostly due to the confusing survey design associated with strict time constraints. While the alpha survey did not provide sufficient data, it was useful as a tool in the creation of a secondary (beta) survey. The beta survey instrument consisted of two separate surveys. One survey was specific to small business while the other was specific to large business. The surveys were created and distributed electronically using Survey Monkey. The goal for the beta survey was a total of 100 respondents for each survey resulting in an overall total of 200 respondents. The small business survey yielded 105 useable returns, a 94.6 percent return rate. The large business survey yielded 107 useable returns, an 84.3 percent return rate. Each survey included five common demographic questions, two common questions pertaining to ethics, and eight questions relating specifically to either small business or large business. The survey was distributed broadly across various social networking sites and throughout the Christopher Newport University community. Due to time and budgetary constraints the beta survey consisted mostly of opportunity sampling and snowball sampling. The authors recognize the drawback of an opportunity sample; however, the research question in this pilot study can be adequately answered using this technique. The analysis questions on both the small business and large business surveys consisted entirely of binomial data. The respondents were limited to either â€Å"Yes or No† or â€Å"I agree or I disagree.† For the purpose of testing the hypotheses (H1, H2, and H3) statistical analysis will be used to measure the difference between the proportions of the two samples. For the final hypothesis (H4) the analysis will simply state the overall proportion of respondents in both surveys who answered favorably and interpret the results. Hypotheses H1, H2, and H3 will be tested at ÃŽ ±=.10, ÃŽ ±=.05, and ÃŽ ±=.01 levels of significance.