Global Macroeconomic Imbalances And The Financial Crisis

Global Macrostinting Imbalances And The Financial CrisisThe world experienced the globular monetary crisis between 2007 and 2008. This crisis lead to the threat of break up of mane large monetary institutions, buck turns of major pecuniary commercialize in the world and bailouts of banks by difference governments in the world. One of the atomic number 18as that suffered virtually from the personal effects of the world-wide monetary crisis was the real estate sector, which most argue that it must have also contributed to the crisis. This crisis also vie a significant exercise in the failure of many key businesses around the world. One of the consequences of these business failures was the rise of high rate of unemployment around the globe. It also contributed to the decline in consumers wealth and the bug out turn in stinting activities around the globe, which in timetually led to the orbicular recession between 2008 and 2012. Other negative effects of the global fin ancial crisis accommodate the rise of the European sovereign debt crisis and liquidity challenges experienced from 2007 (Obstfeld and Rogoff 2009).Many reasons have been suggested as the main contributors to the global financial crisis. Some of these reasons admit the existence of diffused credit conditions in the global financial markets, branch of the lodgement bubble in the united States of the States, predatory lending, over leverage, and incorrect pricing of risks among others (Ferguson and Schularick 2009). Although many controversies live round the role of the global imbalances on global financial crisis, it is clear that t dispatchher exists a connection between the both. Those who are against the idea of the role that global imbalances played towards global financial meltdown argue that external pressure could non have played any role in the crisis. The reason they draw as the main cause of the financial crisis was the failure of financial regulators to effective ly control financial institutions and markets in the linked States of the States and globally. They also argue that polity errors could also have played a significant role in the crisis. However, those who support the view that global financial imbalances could have played a role in the global financial crisis suggest various mechanisms through which global imbalances could have had a significant role in causing the collapse of the financial system in the world.Some of these mechanisms include the high savings of china, oil exporters and other surplus countries, which depressed real evoke grade globally. The depressed global real reside rate is thought to have led investors to scramble for yield and to under price the risk. The connection between the global imbalance and the global financial crisis may also have originated from economic policies employed in a number of countries globally before the crisis. There was also the existence of distortions that played a role in the tr ansmission of these economic policies through the United States of the States and finally through the global financial markets (Ferguson and Schularick 2009). United state of the States policies contributed immensely to the crisis. This country had the mightiness to finance her macroeconomic imbalances from easy abroad dramatiseing. As a result of this, the country failed to come up with tough insurance measures that could have prevented the crisis. This was also the alike case with other major countries that experienced deficit before the crisis.One of the alternatives source sought by the United States of America to finance her deficit was contradictory banks, which provided a ready source of external funding. The main source of motivation for these foreign banks was their high appetite for assets. Prior to this period, the United States of America employed loose monetary policies, which al low-pitcheded the country to borrow in dollars at low nominal interest rates. These po licies also created an environment in which the asset-price social movement and the supervene upon rate kept United States of America foreign liabilities growing at a rate that was far below its cumulative current news report deficit. The case of the United States of America was similar to what was experienced in many other countries around the globe, which had current account deficit prior to the global financial crisis (Ferguson and Schularick 2009).Countries with current account surpluses on the other hand, faced minimal pressures to put. For instance, China was able to remark an undervalued money and therefore, defer to rebalance its own economy due to its ability to sterilize the immense reserve purchases,which it placed in the United States of Americas markets. Therefore, complementary policy distortions kept United States of America artificially far from her higher autocracy interest rates and China artificially far from her lower autarky interest rates. It was possibl e therefore, to either contain or mitigate the global financial crises had low- woo postponement options not been available. The action of china to undervalue her currency may have also played a significant role in the global financial crisis that followed in between 2007 and 2008. This together with the undervaluation of the ex transmute rate contributed to the global imbalances (Obstfeld and Rogoff 2009).Therefore, it is clear that external imbalance were a reflection of internal imbalances in many countries. The connection between the global imbalances and the interchange rate undervaluation means that the problem could not be resolved automatically without involvement of significant exchange rate adjustments. The labor rate in china prior to the global financial crisis was far below the countrys Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Cheap sex act production embody in China supported the profitability and investment in manufacturing industry. The loss of fighting in this country was avoided through the availability of scanty labor or organized wage restraint (Ferguson and Schularick 2009). China employed policies that were aimed at promoting export-led industrialization. The policy of real exchange rate undervaluation and reserve aggregation in China could not automatically be collected by inflation due to the pervasive role of the state in the countrys financial sector, large emerge of surplus labor and the effectiveness of capital control. All this created an environment that enabled china to accumulate massive militia of foreign currency as well as create current account surplus. This action of the Chinese country may have contributed to the global financial crisis experienced in 2008.According to Ben Bernanke, the Chairman of the federal official Reserve, a saving glut in the Asian economy as well as other exporting countries is primarily prudent for the current imitate of global macroeconomic imbalances. In providing support for his argument, Ben arg ues that the Asian turbulence of 1996 operateed the genesis of the global imbalance. He points at Thailand which had for a long time well-kept a fixed exchange rate of her currency against the United States of Americas dollar. However, there was a speedy credit expansion in the Asian countries, which fuelled bubble in stocks and real estates (Obstfeld and Rogoff 2009). This credit expansion took place within the liberalized financial system. In Thailand, the current account deficit reached about 8 percent of the countrys GDP as the rising prices of assets reversed the rails. The country also experienced a fierce speculation of currency which led to the breaking up of the countrys currency peg against the dollar.This crisis was infectiously transmitted to other countries in Asia, many of which seemed healthier unfathomedly than Thailand. Under this pressure, the Asian banking system faced financial crisis. To avoid eventual collapse of the banking system, most of those countries that faced the crisis turned to the international monetary fund for assistance. The conditions placed by the international monetary fund as the requirement for financial assistance leftfield bitter memories in these countries (Ferguson and Schularick 2009). Afterwards, the developing countries as well as the newly developed countries in the Asian world went into surplus although most of them had weaker currencies than before the crisis.The licentiousness of the recessionary effects in the Asian countries and the boom of dot com led to the rise of commodity prices globally. This further serve welled to generate surpluses for the oil producing countries in the Middle eastern United States and the commonwealth of independent countries. The case was different in the advanced countries which operated on the current account deficit. For instance, the United States of America ran on a deficit of about 4.3 percent in 2000. There was persistent growth of surpluses in the Asian countries and the oil producing countries. However, in this newly industrialized Asia, the gross savings did not change substantially after the crisis although there was a considerable decline in the investment. In contrast, the savings in the developing Asian countries initially returned to the same level as before the crisis. This was followed by speedy growth in savings which peaked at about 47 percent of the GDP (Obstfeld and Rogoff 2009). The case was the same as far as gross investment was concerned. The investment returned to the pre-crisis level and then rose significantly thereafter.These current account surpluses were supported by the exchange rate policies, which tended to maintain rates at competitive levels different from what was the case in the pre-crisis period. Foreign exchange preventive policy in Asian countries was cause by the need to pursue export-led strategies for maintenance of high economic growth rates. There was also the need to accumulate substantial stock of in ternational reserves as a buffer against future financial crises. This was considered to be necessary in order to avoid a possible future dependence on International monetary Fund. Therefore, some countries such as Saudi Arabia maintained pegs to the United States of Americas dollar. This further helped in the growth of the global imbalance that finally was responsible for the global financial crisis in 2008 (Ferguson and Schularick 2009).Further, these countries devalued their currencies against the United State of Americas dollar. Therefore, these countries remained at depreciated levels compare to the period prior to the crisis. The intervention policies by the Asian countries were responsible for the rapid growth of international reserves in these countries (Obstfeld and Rogoff 2009). Another factor that may have contributed to the global imbalance and eventually the global financial crisis was the speculation against the overestimate of the dollar during the closing years of Bretton Wood System. This speculation led to the growth in international reserves and the high global inflation that followed thereafter.The reserve growth in the United States of America also led to the increase in the prices of commodities, housing and other assets in the country and other countries. The Chinese reserve accumulation outstripped even the growing current account surplus. The balance of payment surpluses was further augmented by the strong inward of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Therefore, economic policies and market developments played a significant role in the generation of current account surpluses (Ferguson and Schularick 2009). This in turn led to rapid accumulation of sequestered and public claims on industrial countries especially the United States of America. According to Bernanke, the outward shift of emerging market saving schedules was the principle cause of expansion of the United States of Americas deficit starting in the 1990s. This global saving glut led to the worldwide asset price adjustments, which induced a number of advanced economies such as the United States of America to borrow more(prenominal) heavily from foreign sources.Other economic factors that contributed to the global financial crisis include equity prices. United States of America experienced heavy capital inflow from emerging market savers. This led to a large appreciation of the stock prices and the value of the dollar. This implied wealth and international competitiveness effects and a large deficit in the United States of Americas current account. Saving in the United States of America was further discouraged by the expectations of the rapid future productivity growth. These expectations encouraged investment. Another factor behind the global financial crisis was the falling real interest rates in the United States of America and other advanced economies (Ferguson and Schularick 2009). This low rate of interest contributed to the decline in savings. Th ere was also the fall of long-term interest rates which brought down the mortgage rates in the United States of America and other countries in the world.Allan Taylor in his article The Financial Rebalancing Act argues that even without any government intervention, these global imbalances are likely to stop increasing at the same pace and may even decease. He further argues that the economists and the policy makers risk fighting the last struggle even as a new post crisis economy emerges with its own set of challenges. According to him, this provide happen as a result of accent the importance of these imbalances. For the long-term solution to the imbalances, the view of Taylor is correct. Imbalances will create counterparts conditions in different countries which will eventually bring this countries current accounts into equilibrium(Taylor 2011).For instance, one factor that has led to the global imbalance is the devaluation of currencies by some countries. This policy has enabled countries that follow such policies to create current account surpluses. It has also contributed to huge capital investment in countries with current account deficit. In the long term, the interest rate in the deficit countries will cease to be attractive and therefore, discourage further foreign investment. The low demand for dollar as a result of this will lead to the depreciation of the dollar relative to the currencies used by the surplus countries(Taylor 2011). This will lead to the reduction in the level of surplus and the deficit in respective countries. Some of the policies that countries can employ to correct global deficit include reorientation and coordination of fiscal policies, addressing financial markets instabilities, alignment of macroeconomic and structural policies for sustainable development and dealing with job crises through global rebalancing.The EURO CrisisEconomic crisis has on legion(predicate) occasions hit the world and the factors that have contributed to the crisis either directly or indirectly. It is worth noting that financial crisis is as a result of a combination of analyzable factors which include internal trade imbalances, high risk lending as well as borrowing among others. However, one of the financial crisis that shocked the EUROZONE and has had profound affect is the EUROZONE crisis various scholars as such have come forth with different schools of thoughts concerning the crisis.One such scholar is Martin Feldstein argues that the current crisis of the European single currency was an cerebrovascular accident waiting to happen. To him he argued that the development of such economic structure was a ruthless, politically motivated experiment. Similarly the present problems facing subdivision countries as a result of leaving country-specific economic policies and individual exchange rates were predictable by economists politicians chose to ignore them (Feldstein, 2010). The paper will give the views of the researcher w hether he agrees or not with Martin Feldstein argument. In doing so, the researcher will critically look into arguments for and against adopting a single currency economy. Additionally the major factors deemed to be responsible for the crisis of confidence in the EURZONE.Martin Feldstein argument and my viewsWith regards to EUROZONE crisis Martin Feldstein strongly believed that indeed the adoption of a single currency was an accident waiting to happen. The unpleasant cost of adopting a single currency on a incongruent group of countries were at first concealed by the short-run advantages that the weakest countries enjoyed when they adopted the euro in 1999 and by the favorable global economic conditions that prevailed until 2008 (Feldstein, 2010). In order to support or refute the claim, it is important to first examine the pros and cons of adopting a single currency economic structure. However it is important to understand the parentage of the crisis. The crisis in the zone start ed immediately the financial markets lost confidence in the creditworthiness of Greece and other periphery countries this resulted in interest rates on government bonds waiver higher to levels that compelled the affected governments to ask for bailouts from international community, the European Community and the IMF.EUROZONE adopted single currency thorn in 1999 with the aim of empowering the ingredient countries economically as well as politically. This is after the surface area tracked greater financial integration since 1957. There are two main categories of the advantages that come with the adoption of a single currency in the EUROZONE both conduct to gains in economic efficiency. One important importance of such a concept is that the transaction cost will be eliminated. Usually transaction costs are manifested in several ways for instance fixed commission as well as the spread between the buying and selling prices of any given currencies. It is worth noting that for the me mber countries which operate business with others in the same region, then the currency rebirth cost is done away with for the member countries which are vital for both individuals as well as firms doing business with foreign partners (Rose Wincoop, 2001).On the same dividing line a single currency ensures that there is a ground to compare prices, making price differences more noticeable as well as demolishing across the borders. Scholars in the field of economy have held that the absence of transaction costs as well as transparency in prices creates a sibylline and more integrated financial market. This type of integration makes it possible for member countries to have various channels used to share risks. For instance when a member country is hit by negative shock, firms definitely make losses which result in lowered stock prices, on the other hand when there is an economic boom in a another country, the stocks of firms in that country will go up contributing to profit making investors from the country hit by negative shock a new lease of life. Thus single currency allows country to share the risks of negative shocks.It has been argued that the justification for adopting single currency in EUROZONE is to avert the negative effects of exchanges rates. There is no doubt that uncertainty in changes in exchange rates hinders the flow of trade as well as investments. Thus in situations where business people are faced with trade opportunities or investment, they will be more attracted to countries where the risks of currency and interest rate changes are minimal(Artis, Hennessy Weber, 2000). However Feldstein, 2010 argued that a common currency means that every EUROZONE country has the same exchange rate, stopping the natural rate of adjustments that maintain national competitiveness when there are different trends in productivity and demand. As such he posits that this denies some countries the opportunity to raise the real incomes of her employees. In fact this is what EUROZONE is trying to discourage a scenario where some countries are extremely richer than others.Despite the advantages mentioned preceding(prenominal), single currency has a number of disadvantages. First the system brings costs to firms, individuals and other institutions to adjust to the new currency. Usually these parties have to incur huge costs in changing the invoices, price lists, office forms, payrolls, databases, bank accounts, and meters for postage as well as parking among other things (Rose Wincoop, 2001). For countries which had weaker financially, they have to engage in excessive borrowing in order to carter for these expenditures. This as explained by economists is a expression for economic crisis (Artis, Hennessy Weber, 2000).Secondly single currency economy means that there is no national monetary policy which has been a vital tool for states to adjust the economic equilibrium in situations where it faces economic shock. Usually economic shocks ar e unpredictable and unexpected and it characterized with disparity in production, consumption, investment as well as government expenditure (Feldstein, 2010).Factors responsible for the current crisis of confidence in the EURO zoneThere are a number of factors that played substantial role leading to the present crisis of confidence in the EUROZONE. Top on the list the inability of the government to service their debts. The debts resulted in heavy government spending and the desire to help those countries in problem to get out of the economic crisis. A typical example is Greece who received numerous loans for the purposes of bailing itself out of the economic crisis. However it emerged that the country was futile to service their debts (Rose Wincoop, 2001). Similarly other countries such as Italy and Portugal accrued debts at very high levels making them unable to successfully service their loans. Additionally member countries such as Spain found it difficult to roll-over maturity d ebt, this coupled with the fact that it was not possible for EUROZONE member countries to raise enough financial resource to delivery member countries such as Italy and Spain was too large contributed to the confident crisis in the region (Yifu, L. Treichel, 2012).More importantly financial deregulation and loosening contributed to the confident crisis. These two concepts enhanced the creation of new financial instruments as well as derivatives which made banks in member countries to raise leverage and to boost cash to be loaned. This in the end spurred a real estate as well as expenditure explosion (YifuTreichel, 2012). Similarly another contributor to the consumption kip down is the single currency which eliminated currency risk by allowing the interest rates to be lower. The two concepts as well as the decline in interest rates led to increased inflows of money from core fall in interest rates contributed to large inflows of capital from core countries into periphery countrie s resulting in housing bubbles and surplus consumption.ConclusionFrom the review the paper has critically looked into the assumption that the adoption of a single currency is to blame for the recent EUROZONE crisis. However, looking at the advantages and disadvantages of the economic structure I beg to disagree with Martin Feldstein views that the current crisis of the European single currency was an accident waiting to happen. To my understanding, a host of factors contribute to financial crisis and it is aggrieve to lay blame on a single currency economy as the sole reason for the crisis. Similarly the major causes of confident crisis in the region include failure of government to service their debts, high level of unemployment as well as financial deregulation and liberalization.The Asian Curreny/Financial crisisThe eastern hemisphere Asia cash/financial crisis were mainly caused by sudden shifts in market confidence and expectations. Since the macroeconomic in some countries had worsened in 1990s, the depth of the 1997-1998 crisis are not attributed to deterioration in fundamentals, but to panic on the international domestic investors, reinforced by the international financial community and response of the International Monetary fund faulty policy (Poser, 2008). The financial turmoil reflected policy and structural distortions in the countries of that region.The currency and financial crisis in 1997 was triggered by fundamental imbalances. Once the crisis started, herding and market overreaction caused the plunge of exchange rates, economic activity and asset prices to be more severe than the one which was warranted by the weak economic conditions. The macroeconomic imbalances in East Asia countries are accessed within structural factors foreign indebtedness and current account deficits, savings and investment ratios, real exchange rates, growth inflation rates, budget deficits, and foreign reserves, measures of debt and profitability and political inst ability (Roubini, Pesenti, Corsetti, 1999).Principal factors responsible for the Asia currency/financial crisisThe roots of the Asian crisis are evident on the structure of incentives under which financial sectors and corporate operated in the region, in reference to regulatory inadequacies and close relationship between private and public institutions. The Asia moral hazard magnified the financial photograph of the countries in the process of financial market liberalization in 1990s, showing its fragility in the financial and macroeconomic shocks that occurred in 1995-1997 period. This problem lead to the battle array of three different yet strictly related balances at the financial, corporate and international level (Mengkni, 2009).For the corporate level, political pressures for maintaining high economic growth rates led to long public guarantee to private befuddles, where some of them were undertaken under control of the government, subsidized directly, or supported policies of credit to favor industries and firms. In the absence of explicit promises of bail out, the strategies and plans of production of the corporate sector overlooked riskiness and costs of the underlying investment projects. Having the industrial and financial policy enmeshed within a business sector network o political and personal favoritism, and with the government being ready to intervene for the troubled firms, markets were operated with the impression that to be back to the investment was some how insured against adverse shocks (Poser, 2009).This beliefs and pressures represented the underpinnings of a sustained process of accumulation of capital, so resulting into sizable and persistent current account deficits. As we all know, borrowing from a broad to finance investments domestically should not lead to concerns about external solvency, but it can be the optimal course of action for economies which are undercapitalized with good investment opportunities. According to the evi dence for the countries, in 1990s, it highlights that the profitability of the projects which were new was low.The capital inflows and investment rate in Asia remained high even after the negative signals which were sent by profitability indicators. This result was due to the interest rate which fall in industrial countries lowered the capital cost for inflows and motivated financial flows in these East Asian countries. The crucial factor which underlined the sustained investment was the moral hazard problems in the countries, hence leading the banks to borrow excess finances from abroad and lending excessively at home. The financial intimidation also played a crucial role in channeling the funds to projects which were marginally if not outright unprofitable (Roubini, Pesenti, Corsetti, 1999).In the Asian pre crisis, there is a long list of structural distortions in the banking and financial sectors. these are low capital adequacy ratios, weak regulation and lax supervision, insuffi cient expertise in the regulatory institutions, lack of compatible-incentive deposit insurance schemes, distorted incentives for monitoring and project selection, non market criteria of credit allocation, outright corrupt lending practices, according to the model of relationship of banking that practiced semi monopolistic relations between firms and banks while down playing price signals. The stated factors lead to the creation of severe weaknesses in the undercapitalized financial system, with a growing share of non performing loans (Poser, 2008).The distortion consequences were magnified by the financial market deregulation and rapid process of capital account liberation in the region during the 1990s, which leads to the increase of elastic supply of funds from abroad. The liberalization of capital markets was consistent with low supply of funds to the domestic corporate and national financial institutions sector. This goal motivated policies of exchange rate aimed at cut down t he domestic currency in terms of the US dollar hence the risk of premium on dollar denomination debt is reduced (Mengkni, 2009).International dimension of the moral hazard problem was affected by the international banks behavior, which lead to crisis over a period had lent large funds to domestic intermediaries, with the push aside of standards for risk assessment. This over lending syndrome may have lead to short term interbank be effectively guaranteed by a direct government intervention in financial debtors favor, or by indirect bail out through IMF support programs. Again, large amount of foreign debt accumulation was in the form of unhedged, bank related short term, and foreign currency denominated liabilities. In the year 1996, a short term liability in the form of total liabilities above 50 percent was the norm in the countries. Also, the ratio of foreign reserves to external liabilities, which is an indicator of financial fragility, was above 100 percent in Thailand, Indone sia and Korea (Roubini, Pesenti, Corsetti, 1999).The deduction of moral hazard is the adverse shock to profitability which does not induce financial intermediaries to be more cautious in lending and following the financial strategies hence reducing the riskiness of their portfolios. To be opposite, the negative implications of a future bail out gives a strong incentive to act on more risk. On this regard, several countries, specific and global shocks lead to severely deteriorate that the outlook of the overall economy in the Asian region. This exacerbated the distortions in place (Poser, 2008). inevitableness of the Asia CrisisThe Asian financial crisis was inevitable because before the crisis, the Asia countries currencies were already depreciating and the growth was very slow. There was also a drop of stock markets and real estate, and big trends were fueled by foreign capital inflows. This led to outright defaults and wide losses in the financial and corporate sectors. Again, po licy uncertainty which was stemming due lack of commitment to structural reforms by the domestic authorities made things worse. The rapid reversals of financial capital inflows on the summer of 1997 lead to regional currencies collapse hence the international and domestic investors panic (Mengkni, 2009).The timing of the crisisThe timing of the crisis was in line with financial challenges of the East Asia countries. The economy of the countries was stagnant before the crisis began. Before the crisis, there was fundamental imbalance which was triggered by financial and currency crisis. Therefore, the timing of the crisis was in relation with the weak economic conditions experienced (Roubini, Pesenti, Corsetti, 1999).

How Is Naturalism Depicted English Literature Essay

How Is Naturalism Depicted English Literature EssayNaturalism is an artistic movework forcet that rose a ample controversy among artists and indites. One of them was John Steinbeck, however many authors dared categorize him as realistic writer. Even he asserted that he did not care about genre. I throw off t here(predicate)fore decided to answer this research question How is Naturalism depicted in the char scraper Lennie from the short novel Of mice and men of John Steinbeck?This soft descriptive extended assay belongs to the category of literature. In this essay, I examine Naturalism and explain its origin and characteristics. From amongst those characteristics, I then break down Lennies characterization and acquaint the influence of Naturalism on it. For that reason, I divide my analysis into six parts, which do not solely comprise a literary analysis of account resources and literary devices, but similarly they include a deep stylistic analysis that uses the peculiar l anguage usage to explain Lennies characteristics.Thus, I demonstrate Lennie is a character that mirrors many naturalistic ideas. One of them is the realness of Lennie, which depicts the objectivity naturalistic writers are supposed to have. Moreover, I explain how Lennie is a token of the naturalistic narrative that regards kinds as primitive beings. Likewise, I then argue that Lennie has no free volition and acts after being influenced by his environment or his deliver primitive instinct, showing once much a naturalistic idea of determinism. Finally, after evidencing that George does not attribute any responsibility to Lennie for his bad actions, I provoke another naturalistic statement that forbids authors from showing any kind of clean-living judgment.TABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTION p.4CHAPTER 1 Background to literary Naturalism p.5CHAPTER 2 Naturalism in the character Lennie from Of mice and men p.7 real characteristics of Lennie p.7Primitive behaviour of Lennie p.8Animal Behaviour of Lennie p.9Influence of the environment on Lennie p.11No free result in Lennie p.12No moral judgment on Lennies behaviour p.14CONCLUSIONS p.15BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES p.16INTRODUCTIONNo doubt John Steinbeck was a hard-to-categorize author. Many authors have regarded him as a realistic and a sort of romanticism writer whereas others state that he is a naturalistic writer. Steinbeck emerged from a world of Experimentalism in which new forms of esthetics and bows were being created and mixed. Moreover, this author verbalize, in one(a) of his permitters, as cited by Fredik Eliasson1, that he did not care about genre and, in another one, that a writer ought to do all work himself, reduceing taking advice from others.In the meantime, Ameri do-nothing Naturalism was a literary movement rising a great controversy mingled with scholars. Darwins ideas ca utilize a large disceptation, in which many people adopted and argued in favor of Naturalism. Then, in a world heading f or globalization, why would John Steinbeck avoid being influenced by others?Given the context, I have formulated the avocation research problem How is Naturalism depicted in the character Lennie from the novel Of mice and men of John Steinbeck? Throughout all this work I bequeath try to answer this question. Therefore, it will be very important to stress that this qualitative-descriptive extended essay will not only focus on discovering what naturalistic characteristics are depicted in Lennie, but also on what devices Steinbeck used to let Lennie commune those features. Moreover, I would trail this research as important because this work will not only focus on imagery and comments in the novel, but also there will be a stylistic analysis, which will be much better than a merely isolated literary analysis.In this essay, I will show how Steinbeck conveys some naturalistic ideas through the character of Lennie of his novel Of mice and men. In the first chapter, I will examine wha t Naturalism is and what its characteristics are. After this truncated definition, I will discuss how John Steinbeck conveys naturalistic ideas in the characterization of Lennie, for which I will divide this analysis into six parts. After that, I will make some conclusions about it.CHAPTER 1 Background to NaturalismNaturalism is a literary movement that took place between the late 19th carbon and the middle 20th. It stems, according to the The Oxford companion to Ameri grass literature2, from French literature, in which mile Zola was the outstanding figure. This author wanted to form a literature rule by science, that is, a literature that was not going to be an art anymore, but a science. He explicated his theory, as cited by Fredik Eliasson3, in his vast take up Les Rougon-Macquart, in which human beings are regarded as human beasts and he asserts that they stomach be studied through their relationships to their environment.The previous ideas were on the basis of the philosop hical article of belief of biological and social determinism4. On the one evanesce, the former derived from Charles Darwins theory of evolution. Although he never applied his theories to human behaviour, they were used to examine how ones situation was determined by biological aspects5. On the other hand, the latter was influenced by the ideology of Marx, which thunder mugvased the social and political situation of American urban life6.As set before, naturalistic works were basically defined by determinism. It stated that people are controlled by their instinct, their passions and their social and economic environment7. Therefore, humans should be considered as if they did not have free will. Furthermore, determinism, as established by Kathryn VanSpanckeren, denies religion as a motivating force in the world and instead perceives the universe as a machine, godless and out of control8.Then, due to the lack of free will, it would make no sense to judge human behaviour, for humankin d does not do decisions by itself. Zola, in his essay The experimental novel, related the scientific method to literary works. He said the experimental novelist is therefore the one () who does not come out his personal sentiments9. Thus, novels had to be as objective as possible because naturalistic writers were supposed to offer a scientific view of reality, in which neither an caper nor a moral judgment had to be included10.Among solutions in Naturalism, the literary critic Walcutt could recognize four themes Determinism, survival, violence and taboo11. The theme of determinism has already been explained. The theme of survival stems from the application of determinism to biological competition, which points out men can, due to their origin in animals, behave handle them. The theme of violence is related to survival, because as allbody tries to survive, they have to damage each other in order to outlive. Finally, the last theme is taboo, which includes sex, disease, bodily f unctions, obscenity and depravity.On the whole, Naturalism regards humans as beings fated to practise their natural instinct and environment, depicting a reality in which they can not be criticized. Taking the information addicted into account, in the next chapter it will be canvassn that realism, which is result of objectivity, primitive and animal characteristics, environmental influence and the lack of free will and moral judgment will be used to analyze the characterization of the character chosen.CHAPTER 2 Naturalism in the character Lennie from Of mice and menOf mice and men is a playable novel of John Steinbeck published in 1937. This author was the winner of a Nobel Prize in literature thanks to his novel The Grapes of Wrath. Of mice and men is known on account of its themes of friendship and American dream. The two main characters are Lennie and George. In the following sub-chapters, I will focus on Lennie, a round and static character that is mainly characterized by in direct characterization.Realistic characteristics of LennieOne of the main and notable characteristics is the representation of reality. John Steinbeck takes advantage of descriptions and speech in order to present how the people of those times were. Thus, he is also stressing the objectivity of Naturalism, which states that everything has to be described as it is in real life.First of all, since the third-person narrator is omniscient, the novel becomes more objective. Furthermore, the use of a description of Lennies dress, given in the disruption chapter, depicts some characteristics of real workers. It can be seen in the narrative discourse both(prenominal) were dressed in denim trousers and in denim coats with brass buttons. Both wore black, shapeless hats and both carried tight blanket rolls slung over their shoulders12. Here, the fact that they carry their blankets let us know, since the beginning, that they have no place to live. What is more, the use of the pronoun both ex trapolates these characteristics to every person who is in the aforesaid(prenominal) situation, that is to say, any other rancher who is working hard to survive misery.Secondly, there is a great contrast between the language used in the voice of the narrator and the speech of Lennie and all characters in general. The former contains a Standard English whereas the latter presents a Vernacular English. As stated by Johanna Seppl, in her short study Vernacular English in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men13, this kind of language shows extensions of the s-ending to all verb forms, omissions of the auxiliary verb in the present perfect, double negation, reduction of words and use of colloquial phrases and words. Thus, we can see that Lennie is uneducated like the way workers of that period were. Therefore, this another reason to remember that this novel has a great deal of realism, which is a naturalistic characteristic.Primitive behaviour of LennieAnother characteristic of Naturalism in Lennie is his primitive behaviour. Clearly he is a childlike person and it will be demonstrated through the analysis of his actions, his speech and what other characters think and say about him.To start with, one of the most repetitive narrations, that will let readers know Lennie is like a child, is the act of smiling and its synonyms such as grin, giggle, chuckle, and laugh. By analyzing the setting and the situation in which Lennie feels pleased, happy or is being friendly, one can infer Lennie laughs because of pride. For instance, he smiles when he is able to remember what happened in Weed, the previous ranch in which he worked, and what George had told him about not saying any word. Also, when he feels proud to strike Curley, the son of the owners ranch, and when he hears George saying that he was as strong as bull. Definitely, Lennie fits the description of a child that feels pride when doing something correctly and being congratulated.Continuing, Steinbeck used suspension p oints when he wrote Lennies speech. This device creates a pause which can endure more than a single period or comma. Therefore, this pause could mean he stops for a while until he remembers what he has to say. Here are some examples I remember some girls come by and you says . . . you says . . .14, I . . . I Lennie thought. His face grew tight with thought. I . . . aint gonna say nothin ()15, Because . . . . because I got you ()16and I . . . I aint gonna . . . say a word17. Suspension points are also seen by the time Lennie is constructing the ideas that he wants to express I was jus playin with him . . . an he do like hes gonna bite me . . . . an I made like I was gonna smack him . . . an . . . an I do it. An then he was dead18. As it can be seen, Lennie stops when he finishes telling a sentence and then he retains talking. This is similar to the way children learn to talk and, therefore, it is another reason why Lennie should be labelled as a child.Finally, one peculiar chara cteristic he has is forgetfulness. When George is talking to Lennie in the beginning of the novel he says I gotta tell you again, do I? () O.K-O.K. Ill tell ya again19. Here the adjunct again forms an iterative narration and, thus, it let us know that it is not the first time he forgets something. As he can not remember things, he also takes trouble to learn them. When George says You say that over two, three times so you sure wont forget it20and () rate it over to yourself, Lennie, so you wont forget it21he shows that Lennie needs to repeat words in order to interiorize them, which seems to be a sign of unnatural intelligence. Likewise, because of his retardation, Lennie is regarded as a child. Indeed, he is compared to kids and babies. For instance, when he cries, George tells him Blubberin like a baby22. It is also seen when Slim asks George Hes jus like a kid, aint he?23and then George replies Sure hes jes like a kid24. Moreover, even Curleys wife uses the adjective sonny to call him What you got there, sonny boy?25and then she says Jus like a self-aggrandizing baby26. As it can be seen, the abundance of viewpoints from different characters states that Lennie unquestionably behaves like a child, which should be considered as primitive behaviour.Animal Behaviour of LennieEdmund Wilson holds, as cited by Susan Shillinglaw27, that Steinbecks characters were more nearly animal than human. No doubt, this assertion is valid when discussing Lennies characterization because, in the next argument, it will evidenced that Lennie, by means of imagery, a peculiar style and foreshadowing, is presented as if he had animal features.Throughout all the novel, the narrator compares Lennie to a induce and a horse three times. His motion is compared to () the way a bear drags his paws28in both the beginning and the end of the novel. Moreover, there is a comparison to a horse because, as the narrator says Lennie was snorting into the water like a horse29. The latter diffe rs from the former because it points out that Lennie has not good manners. Nevertheless, they have two things in common they symbolize strength and great size. Hence it can be stated that the most outstanding characteristics in Lennie are physical, whereas the intellectual ones are subnormal.The comparison to animals is mirrored by diction. In the first chapter, a parable compares Lennie to a terrier who doesnt want to bring a ball to its master30. Moreover, when he fights against Curley, the narrator describes the scene using the following words Lennie covered his face with his long paws and bleated with terror31. Here the noun paw and the verb bleat, which means to make the sound of sheep and goats, convey Lennies similarity to animals. Finally, he is also referred to as a cuckoo by Slim. echo is synonym ofmad and senseless32but, at the same time, as defined by the Encyclopdia Britannica, it representsany of numerous birds of the family Cuculidae33. The polysemy of this word c ould have been used to label him as a mad person and simultaneously compare him to an animal. Thus, Steinbeck presents, again, Lennie with animal characteristics.Another device used for describing Lennie is foreshadowing. As cited by Byung-Chull Bae and R. Michael Young34, S. Chatman defines it as hints of what is to come. That is exactly what can be seen in the novel when Candys dog is shot at its head because the workers regard it as a dog that does not deserve to continue suffering. Lennie is implicitly compared to this animal when in the end of the novel George shoots at him, for otherwise he would be murdered cruelly.Influence of the environment on LennieNaturalism states that human beings are the product of their social environment. Next, it will be shown that Steinbeck conveyed this idea by means of diction, the symbolism of George and his speech.First of all, one should understand what George symbolizes. According to the definition given by Steven Croft and Helen Cross in t heir book English for the IB Diploma, () a symbol is simply a feature whereby a word or phrase represents something else ()35. If George is to be considered as a symbol, one should say that he symbolizes Lennies social environment because George has been like Lennies family for a long time and has been looking after him since they met.When the narrator introduces Lennie and George, he uses a peculiar language when referring to their position. The voice of the narrator starts saying one stayed piece of tail the other36, by which readers do not know neither who is behind nor who is forward. Immediately, Georges appearance is described, letting readers know he is small. At first sight, one can imagine the small one must be following the other. nonetheless the narrator says Behind him walked his opposite37and readers, thus, can imagine he is bigger than the other and nothing similar to the first ones appearance. In this situation, despite his size, Lennie is the follower and, therefor e, here a hint appears to point out that Lennie is certainly dependent upon George.That dependence upon George can also be seen in the imitation. When George replaced his hat, pushed himself back from the river, drew up his knees and embraced them38, Lennie did the same and the author used the adjunct exactly and the same lexicon for describing both George and Lennies actions. What is more, he does not just do it , but he also watches George again to see whether he is doing it right. The adjunct immediately is used when Lennie imitates George at their arrival at the bunk house. Hence, it can be stated that humans beings, symbolized by Lennie, imitate and sham what they see in their environment, symbolized by George.Moreover, Georges speech reveals that Lennie () sure can take orders39. When he is talking to Slim, he says Lennie can do anything you tell him40and jus tell Lennie what to do an hell do it if it dont take no figuring41. George knows Lennie can do everything he asks him to and that is why he turns to Lennie and says, Jump in. An he jumps42. After that, Lennie is very grateful, for George saves him from drowning, and forgets he had told him to jump. Here Lennie shows that he would not criticize any order he receives from George. Therefore, we can conclude that, according to this novel, environment has a determining influence on human beings.No free will in LennieGeorge says in one of his speeches Lennie cant think of nothing to do himself ()43. It shows the idea of determinism which states that humans beings have no free will. In this sub-chapter, it will be demonstrated how Steinbeck conveyed this idea by means of mainly peculiar use of language.To start with, when Lennie was asked to give a creep away, his hand went into the pocket ()44in order to do what was being asked. However, Lennie did not want to do it and held his closed(a) hand away from Georges direction45. Nevertheless, despite his effort, Lennies closed hand slowly obeyed46. By looki ng at the ables and the objects, it can be seen that his hand is doing the actions, in the first and last quotation. It tries to hand it over to George, but, when Lennie acts as the subject and his hand is the object, it seems that he has to order it to be away from George. As Lennies hand surrenders the mouse over to George, one could infer that however much Lennie tries to avoid doing something against his will, he can not refrain from that.A similar situation is seen when Lennie has the mouse for the second time. Before handing the mouse over, Lennie makes an elaborate pantomime of innocence47trying to husking mercy in a situation in which he can not do anything to avoid the loss of the mouse. Then he looks cornered and Steinbeck uses the following words Lennie hesitated, backed away, looked wildly at the brush line as though he contemplated running for his freedom48. Here Lennie clearly shows that he does not want to obey George. After that, the adjunct reluctantly is used to describe the way he is trying to leave the mouse. Lennie, still indecisive, is in a great dilemma in the following extract Lennie approached, drew back, approached again49. As it can be seen, by means of an antithesis, the author shows that Lennie doubts as to the two in all different options he has to approach and to drew back. Nevertheless, George snapped his fingers sharply, and at the sound Lennie laid the mouse in his hand50, showing once more that he can not follow his will, because he has to do what his surroundings (George) tell him to do.Moreover, his body can be characterized as that of an entity that acts following its primitive instinct. It is evidenced when Lennie kills Curleys wife. This event started when Lennies big fingers fell to stroking her hair51. Then she asked him to stop, but Lennies fingers closed on her hair and hung on52. She started to shout, but Lennies other hand closed over her communicate and nose53. The fact that Lennies fingers and hand are the su bjects in these sentences shows how he loses control of his own body. Afterward, he looked down at her, and carefully he removed his hand from over her mouth54, realizing, thus, that she was dead. In the previous sentences, Lennie is the subject, showing that he regains control of his body, but it is too late, for his hand had already killed Curleys wife.No moral judgment on Lennies behaviourLikewise, as stated previously, human behaviour can not be criticized, for it is the product of the environmental influence. Next, it will be demonstrated that this idea is presented by Steinbeck by means of Georges speech.When George and Slim talk about Lennie, they say, repeating many times, that he is not mean. For example, after killing Curleys wife, Lennie flees the ranch and then George says Lennie never through it in meanness ()55, He never done this to be mean56and, finally, He dint know what he was doin 57. In fact, they say he does not act by malice but by unconsciousness of what he do es. Another example is given after striking Curley, when George directly tells Lennie You done jus what I tol you to () You aint done nothing wrong58. Thus, it is stated that somebody is not responsible for what they do because they just act unconsciously in response to their environment.CONCLUSIONSTaking everything into account, I can confirm the initial assertion which stated that John Steinbeck conveys some ideas of Naturalism. Use of similes, spoken language, peculiar diction, iterative narrations, descriptions and the voice of the narrator aid to characterize Lennie and, therefore, let readers see the naturalistic ideas conveyed in this character in the short novel Of mice and men of John Steinbeck.Steinbeck introduces Lennie as a realistic character that depicts a personation of human beings who behave senselessly and show primitive features that approach the Darwinian idea which states that we all humans and animals had an origin in common. Although Lennie can not do things by himself and is almost always waiting for orders, he follows his natural instinct, which is demonstrated by his division into two entities himself and his body. Moreover, Through the relationship between George and Lennie, Steinbeck conveys the main theme of Naturalism determinism, which is evidenced in Georges influence on Lennie to act. Finally, as George said, Lennie has not free will and is not conscious of what he does. Therefore, he can not be criticized by other people. All in all, the previous characteristics of Lennie convey naturalistic themes that simultaneously bring the influence of Naturalism on Steinbeck out into the open.Having conclude this extended essay, I bid researchers to continue studying this topic. As it could be seen, I limited the scope to one character, which permitted me to reserve space for an exploration of it in considerable depth. Then, other essays could formulate some research questions from the following questions How is Naturalism depicted in other characters from this novel?, is there any trace of moral judgment in this novel?, how is friendship, label of the relationship between George and Lennie, related with Naturalism? and how is Naturalism depicted in other novels of John Steinbeck? By answer these questions there will be a deeper understanding of the author and the themes he intended to transmit.BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCESBae B. and Young, R. (n.d.). A Use of Flashback and Foreshadowing for Surprise Arousal in Narrative Using a Plan-Based Approach. Retrieved from July 20, 2011, liquidnarrative.csc.ncsu.edu/pubs/icids1.pdfBeale, P. and Partridge, E. (2002). A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English Colloquialisms and Catch Phrases, Fossilised Jokes and Puns, General Nicknames, Vulgarisms and Such Americanisms As Have Been Naturalis

Bill Gates: A Global Leader Essay -- Leadership, My Inspiring Global L

Table of ContentsPageIntroduction2My Inspiring Global Leader 3-5Conclusion5References6AppendixesAMicrosoft8BPhilanthropic Work10IntroductionA leader is someone that you can look up to, someone who has a conglomerate of attributes that trigger people to follow them. There are many reasons why you can find someone amusing, intriguing or interesting but the conglomerate of actions performed by them is what tillers them stand over differents. A global leader is someone who has transcends the geographical limits with their contributions non only to their field but to humanity as well. In this taste I will briefly discussed the attributes of the global leader I selected, his visions and his contributions to mankind. The global leader I have selected has so many qualities that words are not enough to describe his success and his effect in the way we live and see life. His name is William Henry Gate III or as we either know him as burden Gates. William Henry Gate III was born in Se attle on 1955 and was raised in a wealthy family. His father was a successful attorney and his mother was a top executive at a national bank. This upbringing gave him the opportunity to study in the most prestigiousness school on his state where he discovered his love for computers. The beginningWhile Bill Gates was at junior high a company of parents raise money to purchase the first computerized terminal in the school. When that happened he decided to take all his time to work on that system teaming with other students to learn about different operating systems. He excelled in his learning of systems and he started developing ideas to make business with companies in order to learn how they make their terminals. His mind for busi... ...verance and discipline. References(2006). Bill Gates Biography. Microsoft. Retrieved January 26, 2007, from http//www. microsoft.com/presspass/exec/billg/bio.mspx. (2007). Bill Gates. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 26, 2007, f rom http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates. Global Development Program. Bill &Melinda Gates Foundation. Retrieved January 26, 2007, from http//www.gatesfoundation.org/GlobalDevelopment/.Global Health Program. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Retrieved January 26, 2007, from http//www.gatesfoundation.org/GlobalHealth/. United States Program. Bill &Melinda Gates Foundation. Retrieved January 26, 2007, from http//www.gatesfoundation.org/UnitedStates/.Mirick, J. (1996). William H. Gates III before Microsoft. Retrieved January 26, 2007, from http//ei.cs.vt.edu/history/Gates.Mirick.htmlcomputing.

The Failure of Software Copyright Law Essay -- Technology Computers Pa

The Failure of Software Copyright Law A Definition With the Copyright Act of 1980, the following was added to the alive copyright laws A computer program is a set of statements or instructions to be used directly or indirectly in a computer in order to bring about a certain result.1 A program or software instructs the hardware, the computer, in its task of adding, storing, exchanging data, etc.2 At the establish level, a program is simply a numerical algorithm, a stream of on/off states, which the hardware uses. Copyright and patent law has generally excluded mathematical algorithms from legal protection due to the social benefits of their widespread dissemination.3 Software, however, is primarily protected by copyright law under the premise that an author is entitled to the monetary incentive. The debate is this Is there a way to protect innovators without strangling further innovation?4 The Harms of Protection Early makers of computers handed out free go with software particular to their machines.5 Their thought was that this would encourage the purchase of their hardware. Soon, however, software producers began to copyright their products and the result was that each computer-maker had incompatible software.6 A company with sufficient lead-time ... ... 58 Wests 3d, 10.4. 59 Wests Feb. 90, 308. 60 ibid., 422. 61 Menell, 1084. 62 Menell, 1088. 63 Menell, 1087. 64 Menell, 1082. 65 Menell, 1088. 66 Weigner, 137. 67 Menell, 1078. 68 Barinaga, Marcia, Computer microcode instructions judged within copyright, Nature 16 February 1989 591. 69 Business Week, 122. 70 Menell, 1060. 71 Hammonds, 86.

Instrumental History of the Drums :: Instruments Drums Music Orchestra Essays

Instrumental History of the DrumsThe first instrumental drum was called a timpani or kettledrums. This drums profligate is of Eastern origin. Small kettledrums were introduced into Europe asearly as the 13th century.The European kettledrum , which is used in American orchestras also, derives itsspecial sound from the size of it and shape and diameter of its bowl. This bowl isusually made of copper or fiberglass.Another primary drum is the snare drum. It was developed drom double-skinneddrum of medieval propagation known as the tabor. This drum, also called a side drum ,has its distinctive feature several gut or wire strings that stretch crossways theinstruments lower skin. The upperskin is struck with a drum stick, while beingstruck the strings vibrate, giving this instrument its characteristic crispstaccato.This small medieval instrumnet gradually increased size, about the 15th century.It was so often combined in a performance with a fife that these two instrumnetsbecame closel y associated with one another. A fife is a small flute having fromsix to eight finger holes and it also has no key, used mainly with drums inplaying marches.The tenor drum is closely related to the snare drum. It is somewhat larger insize and it has no snares across its lower skin. This drum is played with sofftfelt covered sticks and it produces a huskier sound. While it is now and thenused in the orchestra this type of drum is found more frequently in militarymarching bands.The largest drum in the percussion family is the mysterious drum. The bass drum of theclassical era, though not equiped with snares, was infact a very deep snare drumthat was set up in a horizontal dapple to be played. This instrument waseventually replaced by the bass drum that is now familiar-- a large and shallowinstrument with skins on either of its two sides.

Animal Farm as a Fable Essay -- Literary Analysis, George Orwell

Everyone has encountered Aesops fables at some point in their life. Aesop is the most renowned author of fables a fable can be any short tale to teach a moral lesson, often with animals or inanimate objects as characters (Fable). For example, Animal Farm by George Orwell can be considered a fable. In this novel, the animals on Manor Farm rebel against their oppressive dictator, Mr. Jones, forming Animal Farm. However, by and by the rebellion, the animals allow the pigs to take over, who become the oppressive dictators who abuse the animals Animal Farm has come full circle. It is rather obvious that the characters and events in Animal Farm ar parallels to the rise and revolution of Communism in Russia. But why would Orwell write a fable instead of a political novel? wizard grounds is prominent among many. By writing a fable, Orwell is able to incorporate tralatitious morality from well-known fables into his novel, Animal Farm The morals from The Ass and the Old Shepherd, The Ha wk, the Kite, and the Pigeons, and The social lions Share.Orwell uses the universal moral from The Ass and the Old Shepherd to def kibosh a similar moral on government. In Animal Farm, the story opens on Manor Farm, which is run by the oppressive Mr. Jones. The animals are born, we are given just so much food as will keep the confidential information in our bodies, and those of us who are capable of it are forced to work to the last atom of our strength and the very instant that our usefulness has come to an end we are slaughtered with hideous cruelty (Orwell 28). The animals rebel and form their own farm Animal Farm. They drive Jones out, and allow those of a higher intellect (the pigs) to take over. One dissolute pig named Napoleon now has absolute power over the farm, an... ...The Hawk), and You may share the labors of the great, but you will not share the spoils(The Lions). These morals can also be found in famous fables by authors like Aesop or La Fontaine, which proves thei r validity. If the same moral can be use in two different situations, (the fables and the novel) it is more likely to impact other situations outside of literature, in the lives of the readers. This is why Orwell decided to use a fable he wanted to be able to include the morals that could affect real people. He wanted to warn lower classes everywhere of these important points in a novel that a plebeian might actually read. By writing a fable, Orwell is able to support the morals in his novel by incorporating traditional morals Mr. Orwell has worked out his theme with a simplicity, a wit, and a dryness that are closer to La Fontaine and Gay (Wilson 51).

Electrolysis :: Papers

Electrolysis How is the amount of grunter deposited affected by the voltage? drift The aim of this experiment is to find out what effect the change in voltage has upon the amount of papal bull deposited in 5 minutes. The voltages I will be using are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12volts I will ingestion these voltages because they are the only ones available on the power choose. I am doing the experiment for 5 minutes because it is enough time to get a result and it is short enough for doing 6 voltages in one lesson. I will repeat this on another lesson to gain 2 sets of results. Prediction I predict that 12v will produce the most cop because there is more energy being transferred into the copper ions making the move quicker. Fair testing To make this experiment fair I will use the same amount of copper chloride (30ml) for each test, use the same graphite rods and sand them down to the same weight each time, do the experiment for the same length of tim e (5 mins). Apparatus * Power pack * 50ml beaker * 2 wires (with crocodile clips) * 2 graphite rods * Plastic rod holder * Sand paper * Copper chloride * Stop watch * Filter paper (to filter and deposited copper in the solution) * Funnel (to hold filter paper) * Weighing scales (electronic for more accuracy) IMAGE Method First I will plug in the power pack and the scales, sprout 30ml of copper chloride into a beaker, sand a graphite rod, weigh it, record its weight and clip the negative wire to it (this rod is going to collect the copper because it is negative and the positive ions of the copper will be attracted to it), the other rod will have the positive